Review 1 – Collaborate!
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
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Class, try to answer each category above. Post your response as a Comment on this post OR as a comment to another person’s comment (be aware of what people before you have said). Try to answer your classmates’ responses to #3 especially. This review will guide you in taking Test One. Participation in this review counts towards your final grade.
D5 Creation
1.phonetics， phonology， morphology， syntax， semantics
2.complementary, contrastive, allophones, phonemes
3.palatal，alveolar，glottal
a.What is language? Design features of language Language modality
b.consonants, vowels, phonological rules
c.morphological processes, morphological types of language, the Hierarchical structure of derived words
d.syntactic properties, syntactic constituency, syntactic categories
e.lexical semantics, the meanings of sentences, putting meanings together
f.the definition of language, speaker-hearer modal, the features of language
Palatal, alveolar and glottal all are places of articulation within the vocal tract. Look up images on vocal tract anatomy and you will find the alveolar ridge (which is right behind the teeth)so this is where your tongue touches when you say /t/ or /d/ Palate (which consist of the hard and soft palate) and the glottis, glottal stops (made when you say “uh oh”, that constriction of the air way in that word is known as a glottal stop. Hope that helps!
Indeed! Well said!
1) Phonology, morphology, affixes, semantics, syntax
2) Allophones, phonemes, constituents, aux. verbs
3) Experiencer, thematic roles, theme
a) Animals communicate. Only humans have/use language. There are 13 conditions that create language.
b)Minimal pairs. It is the study of speech and its properties. Only some letters can combine in certain languages.
c)Word structure. The study of word formation and patterns. Morphemes carry root and affix.
d)You make trees to to find structure of a phrase/sentence. It is the way words are arranged. Constituency
e)Reference. nouns come after determiners. Sentences consist of noun and verb phrases.
Language is always changing. Only people have language. Animals only communicate.
1) a. Phonology
b. Syntax
c. Semantics
d. Ambiguous
e. Morphology
2) a. Allophones
b. Allomorphs
c. Inflectional Affixes
d. Derivational Affixes
3) a. Patient
b. Source
c. Theme
(Thematic Roles)
A) 1. Linguistics is the objective study of language.
2. Without Linguistics, Google and Siri wouldn’t exist.
3. Mental Grammar is what we know when we know a language.
B) 1. Phonology refers to the architecture.
2. Phonemes are the way the sound is stored in your head.
3. Minimal Pairs means that words differ by a single phoneme.
C) 1. Morphene refers to a word that cannot be broken down anymore.
2. Morphene is also known as the “root”.
3. Morphonolgy refers to the smallest things that have meaning.
D) 1. Syntax is the way words are arranged together into phrases.
2. Phrases are at the heart of modern syntax.
3. Phrases are composed of “heads” and “complements”.
E) 1. Semantics is the study of meaning.
2. A word can be manipulated to influence human thought & action
3. Semantics looks at how meaning works in language.
F) 1. Human Language came about due to animal communication.
2. Communication and language are not the same.
3. Identifying where the sound comes from when saying a word.
Looks good! Make sure to watch over the videos again where I talk about thematic roles for a refresher.
1. Phonology, Vowel, Syntax, Phonetics, Semantics
2. Allophone, Morpheme, Phoneme, Lexicon
3. Syntax, Semantics, Voicing (Syntax Unit) Syntax unit was difficult for me to understand. I am confused on sentence structure in relation to the word “trees” and the placement of things such as NP, VP, PP.
A) Only humans use language, animals don’t have language. They have communication. There are over a 1000 kinds of language in the world. Different languages have different features which make each language unique.
B) Vowels, Sentence Phrasing, Sounds Produced in different parts of the mouth
C) Phonological Rules, Lexical Ambiguity, Word Structure
D) Word Order, Coordination, “Sentence Agreement”
E) Mental Image Definitions, Usage Based Definitions, Antonymy
F) Sound Chart(understanding where sounds are produced), different cultures have different semantic meaning in language/linguistics, qualifications for language vs communication (what makes something communication and something language)
Awesome– and you’re doing great on Syntax trees. Just remember what we talked about before GEN S the other day.
(1) Constituents, Affixes, Syllables, Auxiliary Verb, & Inflectional
(2) Minimal pairs, Allomorphs, Allophones, & Phonotactics
(3) Phonemes, Phonetics, & Phonology
(A)-a language is made up of 13 features and if these conditions are not met, its mere communication
–language, like walking is developed and acquired, it has to be learned we are not born with it
-language is used by people living in geographically and politically definable space
(B)-the phonological system is part of our mental grammar (what we intuitively know about a language)
-difference between vowels (sounds made without blockage in throat) & consonants (sounds that create turbulence and airflow in lungs/lips)
–when there are minimal pairs, words are said to being contrastive distribution and when there aren’t they are in complementary distribution
(C)-one morpheme can’t be broken down any further
–reduplication is the repeating or syllables or morphemes in a word –there are 9 main inflectional affixes: -ed, -en, -er, -est, -ing, -s (3rd person), -s/-es (plural) & -‘s (possessive)
(D)–thematic roles are generally apply to nouns and are determined by verbs. These roles are, agent, experiencer, location, goals, themes and instrument
–determiners with no nouns can’t be a constituent
–deverbal adjectives can be a verb adj. depending on context
(E)-3 ways to understand meaning of words: dictionary-style definition, mental image definitions / usage based definitions -words can be related to each other as hyponyms, synonyms or antonyms
–having a truth value doesn’t mean being true, but it can be either true/ false
(F)–language is constantly changing to meet new needs
-human language evolved from animal communication
-only humans have language everything else is mere communication
If you missed the short video I did comparing Phonetics and Phonology, go back and have a look at it before you take the test. I think that should clear some things up.
1.Vowels, consonants, Phonetics, Syntax, Phonology
2.Inflectional affixes, Derivational affixes, synthetic
3.Source, theme, goal(Thematic-Roles)
a. Language has specific use, we can talk about things
that we cannot see, learning of true language occurs in
social groups
b. Minimal pairs, allophone, aspiration
c. There are 2 kinds of morpheme, free and bound,
Allomorphs, circumfixes
d. Syntax is the way that we arrange words together, nothing
can come before determiners in noun phrase, and, but, or
are conjunctions
e. Semantics is one of the four foundational areas of
Linguistic study, sense meanings, usage-based meanings
f. Communication is not the same as language, true language
is a social phenomenon, mutual intelligibility
Thematic Roles were hard for me at first, but after a few rounds of googling, I think I finally have it. Goal and source are closely related; they both can be found with events that denote a specific motion. A source in its simplest definition is where the action originated, or where it is coming from. For example: They launched the rocket from the Kennedy Space Center. (The Kennedy Space Center is the source since that is where the rocket was launched from). The goal is the opposite; where the action is directed towards. For example: He walked to the school. (The school is the goal because it is where he is walking to). SOURCE IS FROM, GOAL IS TO. The Theme undergoes/is moved by the action but is not changed. For example: I passed the ball to my sister. (The ball is the theme. It is moved, but it’s state is not changed.) The theme is often confused with the patient, but the patient experiences a change in state. Hope this helps you.
Perfect explanation!
1. Linguistics, ambiguous, prefix, phoentics, suffix
2. free and bound morpeme, alveolar,pragmatics
3. phonemes, instrument, dipthong
(A) Writing has little to do with language,Linguistics gives us critical thinking skills in numerous occupations, Without Linguistics there would be no google or Siri.
(B)Mental Grammar is what we already know in a language, all languages are equally complex, phonetics are the ways we make speech
(C)word formation, the hierarchal structure of derived words,reduplication
(D)phrase structure rules, the compiment of the head completes the idea, 2 types- lexical/structural ambiguity
(E)mental image/ usage-based definitions, entailment, converses
(F)Language is always changing, 1/3 of languages are “at risk” of being lost, IPA chart
Instruments are basically nouns that are being used. For example, in the sentence ‘The boy hit the ball with the bat’, the bat is an instrument being used by the boy to hit the ball.
Awesome. Perfect example. And if the phrase were “The boy with the bat hit the ball”, then “the bat” would be the thematic role of THEME because the boy isn’t using it, but it does describe who the boy is (not the boy with the stick, but the other boy– the one with the bat)
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know
Allophone, Phonology, Affix, Phoneme, Free
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember
Thematic Roles, Verb Phrase, Phonology, Preposition Phrase
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand
Syntax, Semantics, dipthong
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
Some languages do not have a written form. There are more than 1500 distinct languages. Learning the tones for Mandarin takes time.
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
Phonetics studies the physical properties of a speech sound. Phoneme is a distinct sound in the listeners mind. Phonology is the way sounds are stored in your mind.
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
Morphology is the study of Morphemes. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Monopthong is a simple vowel.
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
Verb Phrase is a verb attached to a statement. Noun Phrase is a noun attached to a statement. There is a head/complement order to most sentences.
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
Word Meaning, Reference, some truth conditions
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
English’s color scheme does not transfer word for word to other languages. English is an “ego language” in opposition to external landmarks in other languages. Some languages only have a limited amount of numbers until they arrive at a “more than” their highest number.
Don’t worry too much about semantics. Just what’s covered in the videos.
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know
Phonemes, allophones, morphemes
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember liquids, glides
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand
thematic roles, prepositional phrase,agent/experiencer
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
Speech is dependent on language but language is not dependent on speech. Language is specific to humans, and animals simply communicate. Semantics (content) is meaning, pragmatics (use) is how it is used and syntax (form) is structure.
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
Phonology is the study of speech sounds and phonetics involves the description and classification of speech sounds i.e place manner voice/voiceless. There are stops, nasals, fricatives and affricates. Place of articulates deals with the different areas of the mouth air can be passed through such as bilabials, labiodental, palatoalveolars, alveolars, velars.
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
morphology is the study of the structure of language. Morphemes are the smallest unit of sound that has meaning. Free morphemes can stand alone and have meaning (dog), bound morphemes (ing) cannot stand alone and there for must bind to other morphemes. Inflectional morphemes change the tense of the word, but not the meaning i.e wait to wait(ed). vs Derivational morphemes change the class i.e from a verb to a noun: drive to driv(er).
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
Syntax deals with the rules of a language (form). There are basic rules we follow in order to make sentences and phrases. Verb phrases are different than noun phrases. SVO is the most common format (subject verb object)
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
Semantics deals with meaning (content). Lexical ambiguity is apart of semantics, one word could mean different things therefore changing the whole meaning of the sentence.. Structural ambiguity deals with how the sentence could be broken apart to have more than one meaning.
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
Language is constantly evolving.
Don’t forget about Universal Grammar, Transformational-Generative Grammar, and Deep vs Surface structure.
1. 1) Infix
2) Compounding
3) Determiners
4) Mental grammar
5) Verb phrase
2. 1) Africates & Fricatives
2) Morphemes
3) Inflectional affixes
4) Agglutinating
3. 1) Thematic roles of patient
2) minimal pairs, contrastive distribution/ complimentary distribution
3) diphthong/ monophthong
(a) 1) Linguistics is the objective study of language.
2) Productivity is the ability to create new forms of language
3) Displacement-you can talk about something that’s not directly in front of you
(b) 1) Vowels are open airflow, while consonants are some sort of stoppage in airflow
2) Certain letter combinations don’t occur in certain languages
3) Phonemes are the IPA in your head
(c) 1) Morphemes are the smallest chunks of sound that mean something
2) Stem mutations
3) Hierarchy of affixes
(d) 1) Thematic roles generally apply to nouns and are determined by verbs
2) The plane flew _____ the cloud–if it fits in that blank, it’s a preposition
3) Thematic roles include: agent, experiencer, patient, location, goal, source, theme, instrument
(e) 1) Determiners have to have a noun to the right of it
2) Constituents are groups of words that function as a unit in syntax
3) In syntax, a phrase is made of a head and usually a compliment
(f) 1) No other animal has language
2) Language is always in constant change
3) for there to be language, it has to be able to be understood by someone else
Hello. I noticed that you put Complementary and Contrastive Distributions for #3. I highly suggest revisiting Professor’s analogy of Batman and Superman to explain their difference (you can find the analogy on video 5-Phonology @ the 17 minunte mark). Also I just “programmed” my brain so that when I hear the contrastive distribution, the first thing that should immediately pop in my head is minimal pair.
Awesome. Perfect response!
1: Linguistics, Suffix, prefix, affix, ambiguity
2: Allophone, Morpheme, Phoneme, Lexicon
3: Diphthong, Phonemes
A) 1. Language is not communication
2. Language is always changing
3. Learning true language come from social activity
B) 1. Phonology is the study of speech sounds
2. Certain sounds cannot be placed next to each other
3. Minimal Pairs
C) 1. Morphemes are the smallest sounds that have meaning
2. Morphology is the study of morphemes
3. Affix
D) 1. Thematic statements
2. Preposition discovery
3. How sentences are built
E) 1. Determiners follow a Noun
2. A phrase is made of a head and can be made out of a compliment
3. Structural Ambiguity
F) 1. English is a very different language
2. Speaking about things that aren’t there and the picture that it creates
3. Language is not spoken by animals
Some problems in this one… but if you have a look back over what your fellow students have said and do some good strong reviewing with the book and videos before you take the test and you’ll do fine.
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know
-syntax, phonemes, structural ambiguity, constituent, subject&predicate
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember
– inflectional affixes, derivational affixes, lexical ambiguity, auxiliary
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand
– morphology, semantics, source(thematic roles in general)
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
1. Animals do not have language.
2. Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structures.
3. Linguistics include the four main studies which are: phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
1. Phonology is how speech sounds get categorized in our minds.
2. Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.
3. Phonemes are sounds that are stored in our head.
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
1. Morphology studies the pattern of word formation.
2. Morphemes are the building blocks of morphology.
3. A root is the base in which bound morphemes can be attached.
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
1. It is the arrangement of words to make a sentence well-formed in a language.
2. For a sentence be make sense, it must have a noun phrase and a verb phrase.
3. A constituent is a word or a group of words that function together as a unit
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
1. Semantics focuses on the meaning of language.
2. The four semantic relationships are: synonymy,antonyms, polysemy, and homophony.
3. Structural ambiguity is where a sentence is ambiguous and might have different meanings depending on how the word is placed or combined.
(f) Three Things I Know About the philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
1. Language is always changing.
2. All languages are equally complex.
3. English is a hard language because there are many rules and exceptions.
Have a look at some of the previous review responses for the parts you’re not sure on (semantics, thematic roles).
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know
labiodental
bilabial
phonetics
language
communication
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember
africates
onset
complementary
contrastive
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand
trilateral roots
sonorates
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
1.everyone possesses mental grammar (what you intuitively know about language)
2. writing does not exist everywhere, that spoken language does
3.language must contain certain features to be classified as true language
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
1.sounds have a place of articulation and manner of articulation
2.minimal pairs differ by one sound
3.one symbol represents one sound
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
1.morphemes are the smallest units of a language that have meaning
2.your mental lexicon is part of your grammar which you acquire through exposure & experience
3.surface form, the way a morpheme appears in speech or writing
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
1.the order of words in English are crucial(subject +predicate)
2.we classify sentences as grammatical and ungrammatical depending on the arrangement of words and wether or not they for a sentence in a particular language
3.there are two types of ambiguity, lexical and structural.
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
1.semantics is the study of word meaning (sense & reference)
2.sense meaning will vary depending on exposure and experience of a particular individual
3.function words only exist to serve a function and relationships between other words (“the”)
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
1.Chomsky believed everyone has a language acquisition device
2.universal grammar is deeply imbedded in an individuals brain according to Chomsky
3.studying language allows us to :
-communicate
-self-identity & social interactions
-develop better teaching tools for language instruction
-design computers that can interact with humans using language
-treat people with speech & language disorders
Don’t worry about trilateral stems or sonorants for the test.
1. Nodes
Predicate
Instrument
Subject
Infix
2. Experiencer
Patient
Morphemes
Allophones
3.Phonetics
Aveolar
Fricitive
a. Language and communication are two separate things.
There are around 6,500 spoken languages in the world today.
b. Phonology is how sounds get categorized in your mind. A syllable consists of an onset, nucleus, and coda. The nucleus is almost always a vowel.
c. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful chunks of language. Affixes are bound morphemes that affix themselves onto roots. Infixes are affixes that go inside the word and we only have one in English.
d. To form a sentence, you need a subject and a predicate. When a determiner is present in a noun phrase, it must be placed before everything. A word is a preposition if it fits into the phrase “the airplane flew ____ the cloud.”
e. Structural ambiguity has to do with where the nodes meet up. Lexical ambiguity has to do with what the words mean. Nodes are parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.
f. Language Acquisition Device is where people can pick up language by themselves without being given instructions. Universal Grammar is the universality in the brain that allows us to acquire any language no matter what environment we grow up in. Mental Grammar is what you know about language without ever needing to learn it.
Looks good, you’re a bit off on the number of languages.
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know
-Ambiguious, suffix, prefix, constituent, agent
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember
-Patient, experiencer, nodes, infix
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand
-Auxiliary verbs, allophones, alveolar
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
-Communication is not language.
-The idea of requiring a language is universal.
-There is about 7000 languages in the world.
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
-Phonetics is the study and classification of speech sounds.
-Phonology is the way in which languages make use of sounds to distinguish words from each other.
-Place and manner of articulation deal with where in the mouth and how they make the sound coming out of it.
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
-Morphology deals with the structure of a language’s morphemes and other things such as roots, affixes, prefixes, parts of speech, etc…
-Morphemes are the smallest meaning-bearing units of language.
-There are free and bound morphemes that may or may not have prefixes and suffixes attached.
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
-Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing phrases and sentences in a language.
-Verb phrases have a verb as the head.
-Noun phrases have a noun as the head.
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
-Semantics is the branch of linguistics and logic that deals with meaning.
-Meaning, in semantics, is defined as being Extension: The thing in the world that the word/phrase refers to, plus Intention: The concepts/mental images that the word/phrase evokes.
-Structural ambiguity deals with how the sentence could be thought to have more than one meaning by the way it is phrased.
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
-Chomsky proposed that all humans have a language acquisition device.
-Hockett isolated 13 features that characterize human language and which distinguish if it is indeed a language or a form of communication.
-Mental grammar is what we know about a language without needing to be explicitly taught to learn it. (Chomsky)
Don’t forget about prepositional phrases that are headed by a preposition.
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know
Recursivity
Nodes
Noun
Preposition
Ambiguity
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember
Compliment
Biblial
Affix
Africate
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand
Monophthongs.
Almost all thematic roles except for goal.
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
1. At the core, all languages are the same.
2. Linguistics is the objective study of language.
3. Chomsky only ever made one solid point.
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
1. Sounds are categorized by how our mouths form them.
2. Everyone has intrinsic values of language.
3. Arbitrariness means words have no connection to their sounds.
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
1. Morphemes are the smallest part of meaningful language studied.
2. Nucleus, onset and coda are the cogs for a syllable.
3. Roots can stand by themselves and have meaning.
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
1. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and a noun phrase. Always.
2. Recursivity means one sentence can contain another.
3. A VP can never contain a VN.
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
1. There are two types of ambiguity: Lexical and Structural.
2. Structural is where the nodes “come together.”
3. Lexical is what words mean.
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
1.There is no such thing as a “primitive” language.
2. All languages are equally complex.
3. We all have language acquisition, meaning we don’t need to be told how to learn a first language–we just do.
Looks good; see other comments for the stuff you’re still not sure on.
1) Morphemes
Phonetics
Phonology
Bilabial
Arbitrary
2)Nodes
Onset
Complementary
Constituent
Thematic Roles
3)Syntax Trees
Fricatives
Affricates
Experiencer
Infix
a) Writing isnt necessary in language, Animals have no language, Languages according to Chomsky, are all the same.
b)Vowels, consonants, physical properties of language
c)Morphology is the study of morphemes, morphemes are the smallest unit of a language, mental lexicon holds all morphemes
d)phrase structure rules, verbs head the phrase in verb phrase, recursivity can go on forever.
e)Ambiguity has 2 types; lexical and structural, semantics is the branch of linguistics and logic that deals with meaning, nodes are parts of speech
f)no animal, besides humans, have language, in order for language to exist, there must be others to understand it, language is evolving as time goes by
Looks good!
Five terms I know: root, suffix, prefix, morphology, nasal
Four terms I somewhat know: allophones, syntax, semantics, constituents
Three terms I do not know: agent, theme, phoneme
Linguistics is the study of language. We inherently learn language as we grow up. All languages are complex. Languages consist of patterns.
Phonetics deals with the physical properties of sound. Phonology deals with the mental representations of sounds. Phonology relates to phonemes. Phonetics relates to the articulation of sounds via the way they are created and expressed through physical functions.
Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning. Words can change meaning and form due to affixes. Affixes are typically prefixes and suffixes. Affixes are either bound or free and either inflectional or derivational.
But syntax deals with the structure of phrases. Words that flow together are grammatically correct. Sentences require a subject, object, and verb. Syntax and semantics are closely related. To help understand syntax, we use a device known as a tree.
Semantics deals with the meanings of a phrase. There are meaningful relationships between words such as synonyms and antonyms. Compositional semantics is concerned with how lexical meanings come together to create new meanings.
Chomsky is apparently an asshole. He is also a genius, or was at least. He created the notion the their is a universal grammar that all humans posses. All languages are the same but only appear different on the surface. There are two main views to the study of language, which is prescriptivism and descriptivism.
Looks good– we talked about agent, theme, and phoneme in my office, so just remember that.
Great description of Chomsky, Cory haha.
1. Syntax, Semantics, Phonetics, Phonology, Verb Phrase
2. Phonemes, Morphology, Morphemes, Experiencer
3. Allophone, Reference, Goal
a. Linguistics is the objective study of language, Linguistics used in technology (programming), There are about 7,000 spoken languages currently.
b. Vowels, Consonants, Sounds of language
c. Need to study morphology, Morpheme, Allophone, Monophtong
d. Structure, Structural Ambiguity, Prepositional Phrase
e. Lexical Ambiguity, Truth Conditions, Entailment
f. Primitive vs. Complex, Language Acquisition Device, Mental Grammar
Cool. You’ve listed a lot of terms…
1) Morpheme, Syntax, Mutual Intelligibility, Bound/Free, Tree Diagram
2) Prescriptive Grammar, Descriptive Grammar, Allophones, Phonology/Phonetics Meanings
3) Thematic Roles, Diphthong, Tap/Flap
a) Linguistics is the objective study of language. There are 13 design features of language. If two speakers can understand each other, the language that is being spoken are not different languages.
b) Sounds are based off the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). The most basic distinction of sound is between consonants and vowels. Phonology is how we mentally represent sound.
c) Affixes “affix” themselves onto roots. Inflectional affixes have no meaning in words where as derivational affixes are crucial for the meaning. An agglutinative language is mostly made up of words with multiple morphemes where as an isolating language is mostly made up of words with single morphemes.
d) Syntax is the construction of phases. The order of words in a phrase is crucial in languages with few inflectional morphemes. The more inflectional morphemes a language has, the less necessity there is on word order.
e) Semantics is the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text. Constituents are groups of words that function as a unit within a sentence. [blank] is the head of a [blank] Phrase (e.g. Noun, Verb).
f) Noam Chomsky. Universal Grammar. Transformational Generative Grammar.
See previous stuff for thematic roles. Looks good, otherwise.
1) 5 terms that I know:
Phonology
minimal pairs
affricate
vowels
nasals
2) 4 terms I almost know:
allophones
derivational
circufix
lexical
3) 3 terms that I don’t understand:
phonemes
specialization
arbitrariness
a) Language consist of patterns.
Linguistic is the study of language.
There is a difference between language and communication. Animals have communications and humans have language.
b) Phonetics is the physical properties of speech sounds.
Group sounds can be like: voice and voiceless, and round and unrounded.
Minimal pairs are words with entirely different, only difference is one sound.
c) Morphemes are small units of a language that have meaning form and meaning.
Morphemes have a root and affix.
Derivational is the change in meaning of word in an crucial way.
d) Syntax is the way the words can be rearrange into phrases then into sentences.
Phrase components consists of a head and compliment.
Constituents is a group of words that function as a single unit.
e) True Value
True Conditions
entailment
f) The only thing I know about linguistic theory is the Chomsky universal grammar. That the universal grammar is in the deep deep part in our brains. Then it goes into transformation. Then it generates, to become a surface language.
Arbitrariness is the idea that sounds and shape of words have no direct relationship to the meaning of words. See the Hockett stuff in Video 1 (or 2?) for a discussion.
(1) Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, and Semantics
(2) Theme, and Source
(3) N/A
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
Linguistics is the objective study of language.
Language is exclusive to humans due to universal grammar.
Language must have Hawkett’s principles of language.
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of sound.
Phonology is the study of how the sound is registered in the mind.
Phonemes often contain several different allophones.
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
The main distinction between morphemes is bound and free.
Derivational morphemes affect the meaning of the word/sentence.
Inflectional morphemes affect only the syntax of the word/sentence.
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
In linguistics, the most basic separation of grammar is the subject and predicate.
Phrases/nodes are comprised of heads and compliments.
Thematic roles are created and applied to nouns/noun phrases by their corresponding verbs / verb phrases.
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
Statements can be entailing, mutually entailing, incompatible, or totally irrelevant.
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
Language is mostly, if not always, arbitrary.
One of the core philosophies of linguistics is the notion of a universal grammar.
Linguistic determinism states that the language of one’s mind affects its thought processes and opinions.
Ya spelled “Hockett” wrong. lol.
1) Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Phoneme
2) Phonology, Morpheme, Experiencer, Patient
3) Infix, Monopthongs, Diphthong
a)Three Things I Know about Language and Linguistics in General:
Derivational morphemes can change the meaning of a sentence.
Phonetics deals with the physical representation of a sound.
Phonology is the way the sound is represented in your mind.
b)Only some sounds can be paired together in certain languages.
Two of the things I stated in the above section.
C) There are bound and free morphemes.
Morphemes have a root and an affix.
Morphemes are the smallest unit of language that have a meaning.
d)Nodes are comprised of heads and compliments.
Syntax is the way that words can be arranged into a phrase or sentence.
Constituents are a group of words that work as a single unit.
e)The same thing as Brian said. I have some issues with semantics sometimes.
f)Universal grammar is one of the core philosophies in linguistics.
Language is mostly arbitrary.
There are 13-16 things something must have to be considered a language.
An infix is an affix (as are prefixes and suffixes) that can occur inside a root. In English, we don’t really have infixes, but we do have one: -fucking- as in Alafuckingbama.
1) Phonology, morphology, monophthongs and diphthongs, affixes, place of articulation
2) complementary, allomorphs of the same morpheme, phonotactics, the thre different types of languages
3) truth conditions/truth value, refrences, agent/experiencer
a) What is linguistics? Who Charles Hockett is and his contributions. All languages are equally complex.
b) consonant, vowel, phonemes
c) ambiguities, affixation, suppletion
d) syntactic constituency, heads & compliments, adjunctives
e) mental image, meaning relationships( hyponymy, synonymy, antonymy), The definitions in the dictionary change from edition to edition as people use words differently.
f) The “language acquisition device.” Language inhibits the way we think. All languages are equally complex
Don’t worry about Truth Conditions so much. Have a look at the previous comments to understand agent/patient.
(1) Five terms I know:
Hypernym, syntax, fricatives, nasals, determiner.
(2) Four terms I know but can’t always remember:
allophones and phonemes.
lexical. morphemes.
(3) Three terms I don’t understand:
diphthongs.
onset.
still confused about phrase structure tree.
(a) three things I know about language and linguistics in general:
1. Humans have language while animals don’t.
2. Linguistic competence is a speaker “unconsciously” knowing about their language.
3. Language can use sound or speech to communicate while writing doesn’t use sounds but instead letters and can be preserved.
(b) Three things I know about phonetics:
1. Phonotactic constraints are restrictions of what sounds of a language can go together.
2. Underlying form is a phonological rule where the phonetic form of a word is created by the phonemic form and rules of the language.
3. [p], [t], and [a] are common sounds within known languages within the world.
(c) three things I know about morphology:
1. There are affixes within morphology such as -s, -ed, -ing, -en, -er, and -est.
2. Analytic and synthetic are the morphological types of languages.
3. Morphological analysis compares words through morphemes, similarities, and phonetic forms.
(d) three things I know about syntax:
1. Syntax is about how phrases or words work together to become larger phrases.
2. Phrases can either be grammatical or ungrammatical.
3. Word order is a property within syntax.
(e) three things I know about semantics:
1. Semantics focuses on meaning of words and such.
2. Lexical semantics is focuses on the meaning of words or relationships between words.
3. Compositional semantics deals with phrasal meanings and how they’re developed.
(f) three things I know about the Philosophy of Language/Linguistic Theory:
1. Chomsky proposed the idea all languages are the same.
2. When you know a language you know what sound corresponds to your own language.
3. Knowledge of a language and the linguistics within it is mental grammar.
Looks good!
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know:
-Phonetics
-Phonology
-Morphology
-Syntax
-Semantics
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember:
-Constituency
-Lexical Semantics
-Phonetic/ Phonemic
-Intensional/extensional reference
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand:
-Truth Conditions
-IPA chart and knowing what consonants fit in each category
– Transcriptions
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General:
– Linguists must be descriptive, not prescriptive
– Linguistics is the objective study of language
-Hockett’s 13 design features determine whether something can be considered a language
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology:
– There are 8 places of articulation in English
– Basic distinction between sounds is consonants and vowels
– Syllables are constructed of vowels and consonants
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology:
– Morphemes are the smallest units of language that have consistent meaning
– Most basic division of morphemes is Roots and Affixes
– Allomorphs are a set of related morphemes all derived from the same underlying source morpheme
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax:
– a N has to head a NP with a det to the left of it
– a S is made up of a NP and a VP
– There are two types of sentence ambiguity: Lexical and Structural
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
– Semantics is the study of meaning and how expressions convey meaning
– Two parts to meaning: Sense (mental image of word or phrase) and Reference (the thing in the real world that that word points to)
– Entailment is the relationship between sentences whereby one sentence will be true if all the others are also true.
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
– all languages are equally complex
-there’s a universal language that allows us to project some 7,000 languages
– Language is always changing
Looks good… some bits are a little fuzzy on the correctness. Have a good look over the chapters and maybe review some of the videos before you take the test and you’ll do fine.
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know
Agent, NP, S, theme… syntax in general
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember
Agglutination, fusion, isolation, the 13-16 things that means its language
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand
The constants, phonetics, phonology
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
Its about how its spoken, not written; placement in your mouth matters, study of language
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
The difference between voiceless and voiced, difference between rounded and.. That’s it
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
Prefix, suffix, hierarchy
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
NP, VP, PP
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
Meaning relationships, reference, truth values
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
Universal grammar, Chomsky, the language acquisition device
Have a look at previous comments to fill in what you’re missing.
1) Semantics, Minimal pairs, fricatives, syntax ambiguity
2) Phonology, thematic roles, liquids, glides
3)monopthongs, phonotactic constraints, diphthongs
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
-A sentence is made of an NP and a VP
-English is an extremely complicated language in which there are many exceptions in the rules
-Linguistics is the objective study of language
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
-phonological system is part of your mental grammar
-Phonology is the way that language is being represented in your brain
-phonotactics is the combinations of sounds that language allows
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
-there are affixes, prefixes, and stems in a word
-morphology is the study of how words are formed out of other smaller meaningful pieces of words
bound morphemes cannot stand alone like free morphemes
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
-there are phrase structure rules that allow us to pair or branch out only to certain things and have exceptions on some
-a sentence is formed from a noun phrase and a verbphrase
-a determiner can combine with a noun to form a noun phrase
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
-recursivity allows us to go from a noun phrase to a noun phrase in one sentence
-lexical semantics deals with the meanings of words and other lexical expressions
-semantics involves truth values which determines if something is true or false
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
-Language aquisition device tells us that no matter where you are born or who you are grown up by, you learn the language around you
-there are 13 to 16 things that a language must have in order to be considered a language
-in order for language to exist there has to be communication and understanding by two individuals, that is why humans are the only known creatures to obtain language
Looks good!
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know
-Contrastive vs Complementary Distribution (Superman and Batman Analogy really works well if anyone is still confused about this)
-Bound Morphemes vs. Free Morphemes.
-Phrase structure trees.
-syntactic categories (S, NP, Det, VP, PP, etc.)
-minimal pairs
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember
-Place of Articulation & Manner of Articulation (whether the terms like Bilabial, Stop, Fricative, Alveolar, etc. refer to place or manner) I also keep forgetting the difference between manner of articulation and place of articulation.
-Phonotactic Constraints.
-Phonemes <- Allophones and Morphemes <- Allomorphs
-Differences between Agglutinating, Isolating, and Fusion Languages.
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand
-Natural Classes
-Tense and Lax Vowels.
-THEMATIC ROLES (a lot of the roles overlap each other. For example, whenever we go over this in class i usually hear "maaaaaaaybe it can be an experiencer…but patient is a more fitting role.")
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
-Linguistic Competence ("hidden" knowledge about language) vs Linguistic Performance (the way we produce/comprehend language; does not necessarily tell us about our linguistic competence).
-Language is NOT writing that's for sure. Also Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Language (additionally Linguists practice prescriptive)
-Design Features of Language (I find Productivity is a little difficult to define but other than that, the rest are pretty straight-forward).
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
-I have a fairly good grasp on understanding and reading the IPA chart and writing with phonetic symbols.
-Diphthongs and Monophthongs.
-Contrastive vs Complementary Distribution (such as how to solve phonology problems. ex. finding minimal pairs = contrastive)
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
-Bound Morphemes vs. Free Morphemes
-Affixation (affixes such as suffix, prefix, infix, circumfix, etc.)
-The Hierarchical Structure of Derived Words
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
-Making a phrase structure tree (as well as analyzing structural ambiguity by using a phrase structure tree to show the difference between ambiguous sentences such as the "I touched the girl/boy with the marker" example)
-Determining if a group of words are constituents or not (tip to anyone who is confused about this: if you can move the group of words to another place in the sentence and the sentence still makes sense, then those group of words are constituents).
-different types of verbs (ex. intransitive does not need a complement phrase. "sally slept" while transitive verbs needs an NP complement. "bob gave sally a kiss")
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
-meaning relationships (hyponym, synonymy, and antonymy, as well as the different types of those terms)
-Propositions (although truth conditions and truth values are two very confusing terms to me).
-word sense and word reference
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
-Chomsky's language acquisition device and how all languages are basically "all the same." (universal grammar)
-there is not primitive language.
-transformational generative grammar
Looks great!
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know
The definition of morphology, semantics, phonetics, phonology, and syntax.
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember
Contrastive distribution, complementary distribution, inflectional and derivational
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand
Agglutinating, hyponymy, hypernym
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
Linguistics: The objective study of language rather than communication, specifically natural language than constructive language. Natural language: every human culture has a language. There are 7,105 natural languages spoken on earth.
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
Vowels are always voiced without any turbulence in the vocal channels. Stops: oral and nasal. Fricatives: turbulence in airstream coming out of lungs. Sounds of English, linguistically relative. Most basic sounds we have are consonants and vowels. Differences: consonants: air flow constriction at a particular point, vowels do not have this. Vowels can be sustained while singing.
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
Bound morphemes cannot stand alone. Free morphemes can be used all by themselves (simple words). Bound roots are unable to stand alone as their own.
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
A string of words forming a sentence is grammatical. A syntactic category is a set of expressions that have very similar syntactic properties. A noun phrase is a personal pronoun, proper name, and other expressions with the same distribution.
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
The subfields of semantics are lexical and compositional. Mental images cause us to store a words meaning in our minds. Incompatibility means that truth conditions cannot both be true.
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
Mutual intelligibility: if a speaker of one language can understand the other person of another language it is dialect of the same language, not necessarily a different language. The most important design feature of language is PREVARICATION: the ability to lie. True language is also not just communication plus, separate thing from regular communication. Deekan points out people have both true language and regular communication. Based on what we know, what things have language? Humans. Everything else only has communication. Grammar: knowledge someone has about their language—what we know when we know a language. Linguists must be objective. Prescriptive and descriptive grammars: Descriptive: describes grammar as it is actually used by people. Prescriptive: impose rules from a ruling class on to the people (ex: never using a double negative). Linguistics studies descriptive language, point of view.
Don’t worry about hypo/hypernym
OK! Thanks!
morphology: Free Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandonitsown–thatis,it’san
entire word.
to them; crucially, though, they don’t need to have other morphemes on them.
Bound: A bound morpheme cannot stand on its own, but rather must be attached to a free morpheme whenever you say it.
Examples re-, un-, -est, -er, -fer (see below) Some morphemes are roots; others are affixes.
Root: The primary piece of meaning in a word, to which affixes can be added. In English, a root is often a word itself.
Examples cat, pretty, -fer
the three terms i did not understand is semantics, morphology and phonology i did however get a little understanding after this class but still need more brush up on that. thanks
(1) Five Terms I Definitely Know
morphology, affixes, morphemes, syntax, minimal pairs
(2) Four Terms I Know But Can’t Always Remember
phonology, semantics, allophones
(3) Three Terms I Don’t Understand
allomorph, agglutinating, isolating/analytical
(a) Three Things I Know About Language & Linguistics in General
linguistics is the objective study of language
Mental grammar is what you know when you know a language
13-16 design features of language
(b) Three Things I Know About Phonetics & Phonology
phonology is part of our mental grammar
phonemes are sounds that are perceived as distinct parts of language
minimal pairs are words with different meaning that only differ by one sound
(c) Three Things I Know About Morphology
morphology is the study of morphemes
morphemes are the smallest parts of language that still have meaning
two most common affixes are prefixes and suffixes
(d) Three Things I Know About Syntax
thematic roles: agent, experiencer, patient, location, theme, instrument
if it fits into the sentence “the plane flew ____ the cloud” then it is a preposition
the subject is everything that happens before the verb, the predicate is the verb and everything that happens after
(e) Three Things I Know About Semantics
semantics studies linguistic meaning and how expressions convey meaning
lexical semantics deals with the meanings of words
compositional semantics deals with phrasal meanings and how they are are formed
(f) Three Things I Know About the Philosophy of Language / Linguistic Theory
Charles Hockett and his design features to designate the difference between language and communication
primary language is a myth – all languages are equally complex
language acquisition device (Noam Chomsky)
PRIMITIVE, not PRIMARY. Otherwise, looks okay. Have a look at your fellow students’ reviews and all should go fine.