Laura Kalmanson, Paula Soto, Kaitlyn DeJesus, Kim Gonzalez
Summary: How you talk reflects your region, age, class, race/ethnicity, and sex/sexuality. Language has changed over time to accomodate mixing peoples and their cultural identities. Words can die away, but become reborn through new uses.
14. Phonetics
Syntactic
Phonological
Semantic
Morphological
Phonetic

16. a) non-native
b) natural
c) non-native
d) some
e) some
f) non-native
g) some
h) some
i) natural
j) natural
k) non-native
l) non-native
m) some
n) some
o) non-native

17. a) bucket
b) bag
c) blinds, window shades, curtains, shades
d) soda, soft drink
e) fireflies, lightening bugs
f) in line
g) straighten it up, clean it up
h) you guys
i) a quarter to 5, quarter ’til 5

We’re all from California, with some variation from age, all women, same class

1. Politeness, Speaker Roles, Turn-Taking Roles, Greetings
2. Cultural competence is the understanding of colloquial phrasespertaining to the culture surrounding the language, while linguistic competence is the understanding of the syntax of a language, unlike performance, which is the ability to soun like a native speaker.
3. Adjacency pairs are pairs of adjacent utterances produced by tow different speakers in which the first utterance provokes the hearer to respond with the second utterance.
-“How are you?” “I’m doing well, how are you?”
-“Did you do the homework?” “No, I got too turnt last night to function.”
-“Are you sick?” “No, I’m just tired.”
-“What are you doing right now?” “Shaving my hamster.”
-“What’s your favorite color?” “Burlap.”

15. Power relationships can be established through means that make use of every level of linguistic structure. If one person is giving commands and the receiver is submitting to the commands. These cues are socially determined becuase who is exerting power and who is acquescing is determined by societies standards.

28. a. etic: The two girls walked towards each other, made a weird face at each other, continued to perform a strange hand gesture, and went on their merry way.
emic: Two girls walked towards each other, waved, and smiled at each other.
b. etic: A girl ate bread, lettuce, meat and cheese, said ith her lips ” I need to read these chapters,” and then continued to keep her butt on the seat of the chair whilst sunlight shined down on her as she read the words on the page.
emic: A girl ate a turey and cheese sanwichwhile sayig that she needed to read some chapters for her class, and then read the chapters under the sun.
c. etic: The young students were chatting as the linguistics professor attempted to start class by lifting his arms, hands extended, and moved them from right to left, while vocally expressing his displeasure.
emic: The students kept talking while the liguistics teacher tried to start class by waving his arms and telling them all to be quiet.

29. participant observation consists of systematically observing within a community in order to understan how and why people do the things they do on a daily basis. An example of this is people watching. On the other hand passive observation consists of passively watching how daily life unfolds without partaking in any local activities in order to cause the least disturbance possible to the daily routine of the community being studied. An example of this is listening to two peoples conversation while on the train.

10. We know there was a proto-Germanic language because the Germanic languages are similar and therefore derived from one language and then splintered off.

14. When William Caxton brought the printing press to England, he chose the spelling of knife and knight in a dialect where the ‘k’ was pronounced, but in other regions, the ‘k’ was not pronounced.

22. Other examples include “is, are, were, was”; “child, children”; “good, better, best”; “mouse, mice”. Analogical processes are at work in causing these fluctuations in that the unusual variations and fluctuations are the older words, while adding -ed to words are newer morphological changes.

29. Many are old words put to new use because they are the best way to describe the new ideas. There are very few new words because it’s just easier to reuse old words.

33. a) cynic: like a dog–degredation
b) hacker: someone who is unskilled or inexperienced–elevation
c) antecdote: unpublished items–extension
d) grotesque: cave painting–extension
e) parakeet: parrot–reduction
f) leer: cheek–degradation
g) captivated: seize, capture–elevation
h) paisley: town in Scotland–extension

12. We do not think that it’s a bad thing because language is always changing and can just get better with time.

22. We understand about half of the story when it uses English words. In the beginning, it says “once upon a time.” It uses words that sounds like English, but there are many parts that we do not understand, like when the it says, “bra.”

23. We understand the majority of the story because it’s in English for the most part. The beginning of the text is Hawaiian, and we do not understand it.

29. It’s worthwhile because it helps bring the people back to their roots, and many times their language died because an unfair invasion of the peoples. You can learn about the culture through the meaning of the words in languages.