Cory Stapleton
Giovanna Alvarado
Keana Sabin
Michelle Zavestoski
Steve Juarez
Linguistics 101
Homework #4

Summary:
Language is extremely dynamic. It is constantly changing and adapting. The ways in which language changes relates to the environment in which the language is being used. The environment consists of many features, such as time, place, and the people who the language is being communicated with. All these things promote change within a language. Even though languages vary, when brought together they begin to take attributes from one another. Culture is equally important in relation to language. For the culture, the language used dictates what variations occur. If people are in a hurry, they may shorten their speech in order to reflect the speed in which they wish to transmit their message, like when someone says “lol” instead of actually laughing. The people in which the language is spoken to greatly effects the type of language used. If the community is populated by children, the words used would reflect the understanding the children have in order to make communication run smoothly and efficiently. The way in which we speak represents the language we are comfortable using in order to express ourselves, i.e. emic vs etic. Depending on R.A.C.E.S., we can have a general idea of an individual and their language. For example, a higher class individual may speak with more sophistication and in a dialect with more advanced words. A gay individual may speak differently than an individual who is straight, etc. Education plays a big part in this as well. The better the schooling and home environment, the better a language may be acquired and a particular dialect may be formed. Language is an enormous part of culture that brings everyone together and lets people share their ideas and thoughts, either positively or negatively.

Group’s Grouped Answers

pg. 444 #14
Ph/S/P/M/Sm/Ph
Pg. 445 #16
a. some
b. natural
c. some
d. natural
e. NN
f. some
g. natural
h. some
i. natural
j. natural
k. natural
l. NN
m. natural
n. some
o. NN
Pg. 446 #17
(A) Bucket
(A) Bag
(B) Shades
(A) Soda
(A) Fireflies
(B) In line
(D) Clean it up
(A) You guys
(B) A quarter to 5

pg. 479
Some competencies part of communicative competence are politeness, speaker roles, turn-taking roles and greetings.
2. Cultural Competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enables that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations. While linguistic competence is the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language; performance is the ability to produce and comprehend sentences in a language. In certain cultures, it is rude to look at someone in the eye when you speak to them—different cultures have various rules of language, and some of it doesn’t need to be spoken.

3. An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two speakers. The turns are functionally related to each other in such a fashion that the first turn requires a certain type or range of types of second turn.

Book definition: Adjacency pairs are pairs of adjacent utterances produced by two different speakers, in which the first utterance provokes or requires the hearer to respond with the second utterance.

Five Adjacency Pairs in American English:
1. How are you today? I’m phenomenal.
2. Are you lost? Nope.
3. Hi! Welcome. Thank you.
4. What have you been up to? Nothing.
5. Can you point me in the direction of “__?” Sure.
480

15. Power relationships are established in conversation when we try to persuade, educate, and convince other individuals or attempt to gain their attention or change their emotions. It refers to one speaker being more dominant or subservient. The power relationship expressed by language is defined by those who use language rather than by any inherent properties of a language. You can tell when someone is acquiescing within a conversation because they’ll just listen to the other –who’s exerting power– without any fight or struggle. These cues are socially determined because we learn how to exert power through interactions with others. Examples of when establishing power happens within a conversation: presenting a project, selling a product, arguing your point, displaying your love towards a person, coaching, work related situations, etc.
482
a) Etic: Students walked rapidly through the long pathway in between buildings, while one raised her hand to about an eye-level, palm out, fingers extended and moved it back and forth at the wrist, capturing the eye-sight of one another, joining in a same facial expression, showing their teeth to each other, followed by a raise of both of their arms, extended to one another and giving each other a slight squeeze.
Emic: Students rushed down the hall while one waved her hand capturing the attention of
another, joining each other with a smile on their faces followed by a hug.
b) What you ate, and did at lunch today.
Etic: The girl ventured in to the west commons market. It appears she took no thought into what to truly eat as she hastily grabbed a peanut butter sandwich, banana and milk to purchase. She rummaged through her purse for her wallet and card to make the purchase. She hurried to her next class.
Emic: Right before her next class, a girl bought a sandwich, banana and milk at the student store. After the purchase she hurried to class
c) how your instructor started class.
Etic: The young professor stood by the podium. Stared at the classroom clock and saw how much time there was before class started. He then took his final sip of coffee. It was time. He positioned himself away from the podium and to front of the whiteboard to gain the attention of his students and start the class.
Emic: The professor drank his coffee and soon enough started teaching his class.
28.
Passive observation: there aren’t any interviews under observation — but typically when the observation is concluded. An example could be that an observer follows a number of consumers in order to see how they use a given product. Subsequently the consumers are interviewed.
Participant observation: the interviewer takes part of the respondent’s doings with regards to a specific area/field and hereby the interviewer gains insight in the views of the respondents. An example could be that a company wishes to gain insight in how the employees use the common facilities. An interviewer is introduced in the company and shows up every morning for a week together with the employees. The interviewer is a part of the working day of the company and continuously interviews chosen employees about their activities/movements.

Book definition: Passive participation: a type of participant observation in which the researcher passively watches everyday life in the community without taking part.
Participant observation: a type of field work that consists of systematically observing within a community in order to understand how and why people do the things they do on a daily basis.
Page 557
10. No written records of Proto-Germanic exist, but the words and grammar of the language have been reconstructed by linguists.
14. Back in the days when Old English was spoken, the “k” in these sorts of words was not silent, so they would be pronounced as k’nife, k’night, and so on. This pronunciation was even common in the time of William Shakespeare! At some point, people decided that this sort of articulation was too cumbersome, so they stopped voicing the beginning consonant! The same thing happened with “gn” words such as gnome and gnarled. However, other Germanic languages such as German, Swedish, and Dutch kept the “k” and still pronounce it to this day.

Page 561
22. Swum-Swim, Drank-Drunk, Eat-Ate. These changes come about due to shifts in the functions of words. These words have been altered for the purpose of tense and time.
Analytic (language)—type of language in which most words consist of one morpheme and sentences are composed sequences of these free morphemes. Grammatical relationships are often indicated by word order. Examples are Chinese and Vietnamese.

Page 562
29) i. Many words are new but derived from old words. New words have been created as a way to explain new ideas and concepts. Old words wouldn’t be able to capture the meaning of these new concepts.
ii. Many old words have be extended to encapsulate the new meanings they are being used towards.

Examples can come from Facebook: tagging, poking, etc. Writing on walls can be put to new use because that can be related to Facebook and talking directly to someone on their Facebook page.

Page 563
33. Poppycock means nonsense, and it comes from the mid 19th century: from Dutch dialect pappekak. cognate words: nonsense, rubbish, claptrap, balderdash, blather, moonshine, garbage.

Page 513
12) It is a threat to other languages that borrow words for their language and it loses the opportunity to be used. Therefore, it runs the risk of losing the language altogether. It is killing off the original language and bringing in outside words that diminish the language and alter the culture.
Page 516
22. We were able to understand most of the piece because it is written in words that are spelled like they sound, not how the appropriate spelling is, for example the first words, “Wans apan a taim” refers to “Once upon a time.” the spelling is off, but the pronunciation is good. It is in story telling form (once upon a time…the end).

23. We were not able to understand this text entirely, some words are regular English words, for example, “get many peoples.” Words are somewhat similar but there are lots of lost or dropped letters. Dees=these udder=under newa=new.

Page 517

29. We believe that it is a worth-while effort because that way the dialects can still be heard among people. By having a variety of languages and dialects, people are able to learn other languages and dialects even though they didn’t grow up with them. This is how culture stays alive. If everything is turned into something of a neutral language, then the uniqueness of the culture will diminish.

Giovanna Alvarado:
language variation:
14.
Phonological
Syntactic
Phonetic
Morphological
Morphological
Phonological
16.
Non-Native
Natural
Some
Natural
Some
Some
Natural
Some
Natural
Natural
Some
Non-Native
Some
Some
Non-Native
17.
(A) Bucket
(A) Bag
(B) Shades
(A) Soda
(A) Fireflies
(B) In line
(D) Clean it up
(A) You guys
(B) A quarter to 5
Page 479
some examples of things one must know to be communicatively competent in a certain language are politeness strategies, speaker roles, and greetings.
Cultural Competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enables that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations.While linguistic competence is the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language; and performance is The ability to produce and comprehend sentences in a language.
An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two speakers. The turns are functionally related to each other in such a fashion that the first turn requires a certain type or range of types of second turn.
Examples:
What’s up? Not much.
How are you? Good.
How is it going? It’s going well.
What time is it? Three o’clock
Can you pass the salt? Of course
Page 480
Power relation refers to one speaker being more dominant or subservient. The power relationship expressed by language are defined by those who use language rather than by any inherent properties of a language. Someone that is acquiescing refers to a person that accepts something reluctantly but without protest. The cues are considered socially determined because people learn how to exert power only if they have interactions with others.
Page 482
28.
Etic: Students walked rapidly through the long pathway in between buildings, while one
raised her hand to about an eye-level, palm out, fingers extended and moved it back and forth at the wrist, capturing the eye-sight of one another, joining in a same facial expression, showing their teeth to each other, followed by a raise of both of their arms, extended to one another and giving each other a slight squeeze.
Emic: Students rushed down the hall while one waved her hand capturing the attention of
another, joining each other with a smile on their faces followed by a hug.
Etic: A young lady hurried to a sandwich instalacion, getting in back of a several other people ready to greet an older woman who soon asked her for her order, giving her the sandwich the young lady reached into her pocket to give the older lady some cash.
Emic: A teenager rushed to Subway, got in line and gave her order to an older lady, giving her the sandwich, the teenager took money from her pocket to pay her.
Etic: Walking rapidly into the big building, where students were already seated and waiting for her, she placed her bag stacked with books and papers on the central table, the professor raised her hand to about an eye-level, palm out, fingers extended and moved it back and forth at the wrist.
Emic: Rushing into the classroom, she pakced her purse filled with school materials on the center desk, the professor then looked towards the students and waved.
29.
Passive observation: there aren’t any interviews under observation — but typically when the observation is concluded. Ex. An example could be that an observer follows a number of consumers in order to see how they use a given product. Subsequently the consumers are interviewed.
Participant observation: the interviewer takes part of the respondent’s doings with regards to a specific area/field and hereby the interviewer gains insight in the views of the respondents. Ex. An example could be that a company wishes to gain insight in how the employees use the common facilities. An interviewer is introduced in the company and shows up every morning for a week together with the employees. The interviewer is a part of the working day of the company and continuously interviews chosen employees about their activities/movements.
Page 557
No written records of Proto-Germanic exist, but the words and grammar of the language have been reconstructed by linguists.
14.Back in the days when Old English was spoken, the “k” in these sorts of words was not silent, so
they would be pronounced as k’nife, k’night, and so on. This pronunciation was even common in the time of William Shakespeare! At some point, people decided that this sort of articulation was too cumbersome, so they stopped voicing the beginning consonant! The same thing happened with “gn” words such as gnome and gnarled. However, other Germanic languages such as German, Swedish, and Dutch kept the “k” and still pronounce it to this day.
Page 563
Poppycock means nonsense, and it comes from the mid 19th century: from Dutch dialect pappekak. cognate words: nonsense, rubbish, claptrap, balderdash, blather, moonshine, garbage
Page 513
I don’t believe so, because by the “borrowing” of words from other languages, the words keep on spreading among other countries and we end up with a bigger and better variety of words to use.
Page 516
I was able to understand the entire thing because it is just written in words that are spelled like they sound, not how the appropriate spelling is, for example the first words, “Wans apan a taim” refers to “Once upon a time.” the spelling is off, but the pronunciation is good.
I wasnt able to understand this text entirely, some words are regular English words, for example, “get many peoples,” the grammar is the only thing that is wrong, but I was able to figure some parts out.
Page 517
I do believe that it is a worth-while effort because that way the dialects can still be heard among people and it is completely awesome to have a variety of languages and dialects, that way people are able to learn other languages and dialects even though they didn’t grow up with them.

Keana Sabin:
pg. 479
Some competencies part of communicative competence are politeness, speaker roles, turn-taking roles and greetings.
Cultural competence differs from linguistic competence and performance because in order to achieve cultural competence an individual must interact with users of or familiar with that specific culture while linguistic competence is knowledge we ‘unconsciously’ gain about a language and the ability to virbually carry out that knowledge is performance.
Five Adjacency Pairs in American English:
1. How are you today? I’m phenomenal.
2. Are you lost? Nope.
3. Hi! Welcome. Thank you.
4. What have you been up to? Nothing.
5. Can you point me in the direction of “__?” Sure.
480
Power relationships are established in conversation when we try to persuade, educate, convince other individuals or attempt to gain their attention or change their emotions.
You can tell when someone is acquiescing within a conversation because they’ll just listen to the other –who’s exerting power– without any fight or struggle. These cues are socially determined because we learn how to exert power through interactions with others.
Examples of when establishing power happens within a conversation: presenting a project, selling a product, arguing your point, displaying your love towards a person, coaching…
482
a) How you and a friend greeted one another today.
Etic: The girl hurried her pace amongst other college students. Others look at her as she yelled in order to try and to gain the attention of her friend. She succeeded and they embraced it each other with a hug.
Emic: On campus, a girl caught the attention of her friend by yelling at her and greeted her with a hug.
b) What you ate, and did at lunch today.
Etic: The girl ventured in to the west commons market. It appears she took no thought into what to truly eat as she hastily grabbed a peanut butter sandwich, banana and milk to purchase. She rummaged through her purse for her wallet and card to make the purchase. She hurried to her next class.
Emic: Right before her next class, a girl bought a sandwich, banana and milk at the student store. After the purchase she hurried to class.
c) how your instructor started class.
Etic: The young professor stood by the podium. Stared at the classroom clock and saw how much time there was before class started. He then took his final sip of coffee. It was time. He positioned himself away from the podium and to front of the whiteboard to gain the attention of his students and start the class.
Emic: The professor drank his coffee and soon enough started teaching his class.
The difference between passive participation and participant observation is that participant observation requires the researcher to take part within a community to better observe and understand the actions of people within that community while passive participation has a similar concept except the researcher doesn’t actively engage themselves within their observation and watched afar.

Cory Stapleton:
14) P, S, Ph, M, Sm, Ph
16) a. non-native b. natural c. non-native d. some e. some f. some g. natural h. some i. non-native j. natural k. some l. non-native m. natural n. some o. some
17) a. bucket b. bag c. blinds/shades/curtains d. soda/soft drink e. fireflies f. in line g. straighten it up/clean it up h. you guys/you all i. a quarter to 5
1) Some aspects that enable a speaker to be competent in communication is sentence structure, understanding jokes and slang.
2) Cultural competence deals with the society you dwell in. Linguistic competence is an understanding of language itself and how to use it. Performance relates to how the speaker uses language and understands the language being used.
3) It is a process of communication in which one speaks and the other responds essentially.
a. Hey. Hey is for horses dumbass.
b. Whats up? The ceiling.
c. How are you? I am fine.
d. Are you alright? I’m totally cool.
15) This cues are socially determined. Some examples are elevated diction versus someone who uses a more colloquial form of language. Also by addressing the other in a negative manner is a form of exerting power.
28) Emic- A persons rushes toward another person with arms wide open.
Etic- The person is running towards their friend to hug them.
Emic- He reached into a big bag that was on his back and pulled out another bag that contained food. He held the food in front of his friend. The friend took the food and ate it.
Etic- The person brought a bagged lunch and offered some to their friend.
Emic- He walked in. Drew things on the wall. Turned and faced other faces and started making sounds.
Etic- He walked in, wrote on the board and greeted the class.
29) Passive observation, just watching. example: A person taking notes on the actions of another person. Participant observation, is where the observer is experiencing rather than merely watching. example: A person works alongside another person in order to gain an understanding of what is being done.
10) We know because linguistics researchers have traced the origins of languages like english to proto-Germanic.
14) Over time, there are shifts in language. Although we do not pronounce the k, languages like German still do.
22) Swum Swim Drank Drunk Eat Ate These changes come about due to shifts in the functions of words. These words have been altered for the purpose of tense and time.
29) i. Many words are new but derived from old words. New words have been created as a way to explain new ideas and concepts. Old words wouldn’t be able to capture the meaning of these new concepts.
ii. Many old words have be extended to encapsulate the new meanings they are being used towards.
Examples can come from Facebook: tagging, poking, etc. Writing on walls can be put to new use because that can be related to Facebook and talking directly to someone on their Facebook page.
pg 513-17
12) It is a threat to other languages that borrow words for their language loses the opportunity to be used and therefore runs the risk of losing it altogether.
22) I barely understand any of it. Ks are dropped words ending is S are now Zs You lost the O The Th is lost
23) Words are somewhat similar but there are lots of lost or dropped letters. Dees=these udder=under newa=new
29) It is important to keep and know our heritage but I believe it is a lost cause to revive a dead language. The language died for a reason. It is no longer as useful as it once was, so to revive a language would most likely be a waste of time.

Michelle Zavestoski:
pg. 444 #14
Ph/S/P/M/Sm/Ph
Pg. 445 #16
some
natural
some
natural
NN
some
natural
some
natural
natural
natural
NN
natural
some
NN
pg. 446 #17
A
A
A
A
A
B
D
A
B
Pg. 479
1. politeness, having understanding among one another with communication
2. in certain cultures, it is rude to look at someone in the eye when you speak to them—different cultures have various rules of language, and some of it doesn’t need to be spoken
3. Adjacency pairs are pairs of adjacent utterances produced by two different speakers, in which the first utterance provokes or requires the hearer to respond with the second utterance.
Ex: thank you—you’re welcome
This is delicious!—thank you!
You’re hot—I know. Lol
Pg. 480
15. power relationships can be established by those taking dominance in the conversation. We can use examples of work related situations, with our bosses talking over us.
Pg. 482
28. a. etic: two people approached each other at the mall and said hello, gave one another a friendly hug, and walked into the coffee shop.
emic: two friends met up, gave each other a hug, and went to get coffee.
b. etic: the sandwich was carefully taken out of the bag as to keep all the contents in place. A phone in one hand, and a sandwich in the other, I texted my mom asking what the evening nourishment would be when I come home from school.
Emic: I took my sandwich out of my bag and texted my mom asking her what we were having for dinner.
c. etic: the professor walked into the classroom and greeted everyone. He picked up the marker and stated writing something on the board. It was the agenda for the workflow of that day.
Emic: The teacher walked into class and said hello. He picked up a marker and wrote the agenda on the board.
29. Passive participation: a type of participant observation in which the researcher passively watches everyday life in the community without taking part.
Participant observation: a type of field work that consists of systematically observing within a community in order to understand how and why people do the things they do on a daily basis.

Steve Juarez
p. 557, #10
Linguists have researched this language and discovered this language was once spoken
#14 The K was initially pronounced long ago, but was dropped.
p. 561, #22—swim, swam/ hung, hanged
Analytic (language)—type of language in which most words consist of one morpheme and sentences are composed sequences of these free morphemes. Grammatical relationships are often indicated by word order. Examples are Chinese and Vietnamese.
p. 562, #29–tagging, fb stalking, poking, why the hell can I only think of facebook, writing on walls…writing on walls can be put to new use because that can be related to facebook and talking to someone on their page.
p. 513, #12 Yes. It is killing off the original language and bringing in murrikan words that diminish the foreign language.
p. 516, #22 story telling, once upon a time…the end…etc.
#23…seems like there is a story line being established
p. 517, #29—yes it is a worthwhile effort. This is how culture stays alive. If everything is turned into something of a neutral language, then the uniqueness of the culture will diminish.

Cory Stapleton

Giovanna Alvarado

Keana Sabin

Michelle Zavestoski

Steve Juarez

Linguistics 101

Homework #4

Language is extremely dynamic. It is constantly changing and adapting. The ways in which language changes relates to the environment in which the language is being used. The environment consists of many features, such as time, place, and the people who the language is being communicated with. All these things promote change within a language. Even though languages vary, when brought together they begin to take attributes from one another. Culture is equally important in relation to language. For the culture, the language used dictates what variations occur. If people are in a hurry, they may shorten their speech in order to reflect the speed in which they wish to transmit their message, like when someone says “lol” instead of actually laughing. The people in which the language is spoken to greatly effects the type of language used. If the community is populated by children, the words used would reflect the understanding the children have in order to make communication run smoothly and efficiently. The way in which we speak represents the language we are comfortable using in order to express ourselves, i.e. emic vs etic. Depending on R.A.C.E.S., we can have a general idea of an individual and their language. For example, a higher class individual may speak with more sophistication and in a dialect with more advanced words. A gay individual may speak differently than an individual who is straight, etc. Education plays a big part in this as well. The better the schooling and home environment, the better a language may be acquired and a particular dialect may be formed. Language is an enormous part of culture that brings everyone together and lets people share their ideas and thoughts, either positively or negatively.

pg. 444 #14

Ph/S/P/M/Sm/Ph

Pg. 445 #16

1. some
2. natural
3. some
4. natural
5. NN
6. some
7. natural
8. some
9. natural
10. natural
11. natural
12. NN
13. natural
14. some
15. NN

Pg. 446 #17

(A) Bucket

(A) Bag

(B) Shades

(A) Soda

(A) Fireflies

(B) In line

(D) Clean it up

(A) You guys

(B) A quarter to 5

pg. 479

1. Some competencies parts of communicative competence are politeness, speaker roles, turn-taking roles and greetings.

2. Cultural Competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enables that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations. While linguistic competence is the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language; performance is the ability to produce and comprehend sentences in a language. In certain cultures, it is rude to look at someone in the eye when you speak to them—different cultures have various rules of language, and some of it doesn’t need to be spoken.

3. An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two speakers. The turns are functionally related to each other in such a fashion that the first turn requires a certain type or range of types of second turn.

Book definition: Adjacency pairs are pairs of adjacent utterances produced by two different speakers, in which the first utterance provokes or requires the hearer to respond with the second utterance.

Five Adjacency Pairs in American English:
1.         How are you today?                                       I’m phenomenal.
2.         Are you lost?                                                   Nope.
3.         Hi! Welcome.                                                  Thank you.
4.         What have you been up to?                            Nothing.
5.         Can you point me in the direction of “__?”    Sure.

1. 480

15. Power relationships are established in conversation when we try to persuade, educate, and convince other individuals or attempt to gain their attention or change their emotions. It refers to one speaker being more dominant or subservient. The power relationship expressed by language is defined by those who use language rather than by any inherent properties of a language. You can tell when someone is acquiescing within a conversation because they’ll just listen to the other –who’s exerting power– without any fight or struggle. These cues are socially determined because we learn how to exert power through interactions with others. Examples of when establishing power happens within a conversation: presenting a project, selling a product, arguing your point, displaying your love towards a person, coaching, work related situations, etc.

1. 482

a) Etic: Students walked rapidly through the long pathway in between buildings, while one raised her hand to about an eye-level, palm out, fingers extended and moved it back and forth at the wrist, capturing the eye-sight of one another, joining in a same facial expression, showing their teeth to each other, followed by a raise of both of their arms, extended to one another and giving each other a slight squeeze.

Emic: Students rushed down the hall while one waved her hand capturing the attention of

another, joining each other with a smile on their faces followed by a hug.

b) What you ate, and did at lunch today.
Etic:  The girl ventured in to the west commons market. It appears she took no thought into what to truly eat as she hastily grabbed a peanut butter sandwich, banana and milk to purchase. She rummaged through her purse for her wallet and card to make the purchase. She hurried to her next class.
Emic: Right before her next class, a girl bought a sandwich, banana and milk at the student store. After the purchase she hurried to class

c) how your instructor started class.
Etic: The young professor stood by the podium. Stared at the classroom clock and saw how much time there was before class started. He then took his final sip of coffee. It was time. He positioned himself away from the podium and to front of the whiteboard to gain the attention of his students and start the class.
Emic: The professor drank his coffee and soon enough started teaching his class.

Passive observation: there aren’t any interviews under observation — but typically when the observation is concluded. An example could be that an observer follows a number of consumers in order to see how they use a given product. Subsequently the consumers are interviewed.

Participant observation: the interviewer takes part of the respondent’s doings with regards to a specific area/field and hereby the interviewer gains insight in the views of the respondents.An example could be that a company wishes to gain insight in how the employees use the common facilities. An interviewer is introduced in the company and shows up every morning for a week together with the employees. The interviewer is a part of the working day of the company and continuously interviews chosen employees about their activities/movements.

Book definition: Passive participation: a type of participant observation in which the researcher passively watches everyday life in the community without taking part.

Participant observation: a type of field work that consists of systematically observing within a community in order to understand how and why people do the things they do on a daily basis.

Page 557

10. No written records of Proto-Germanic exist, but the words and grammar of the language have been reconstructed by linguists.

14.       Back in the days when Old English was spoken, the “k” in these sorts of words was not silent, so they would be pronounced as k’nife, k’night, and so on. This pronunciation was even common in the time of William Shakespeare! At some point, people decided that this sort of articulation was too cumbersome, so they stopped voicing the beginning consonant! The same thing happened with “gn” words such as gnome and gnarled. However, other Germanic languages such as German, Swedish, and Dutch kept the “k” and still pronounce it to this day.

Page 561

2. Swum-Swim, Drank-Drunk, Eat-Ate. These changes come about due to shifts in the functions of words. These words have been altered for the purpose of tense and time.

Analytic (language)—type of language in which most words consist of one morpheme and sentences are composed sequences of these free morphemes. Grammatical relationships are often indicated by word order. Examples are Chinese and Vietnamese.

Page 562

29) i. Many words are new but derived from old words. New words have been created as a way to explain new ideas and concepts. Old words wouldn’t be able to capture the meaning of these new concepts.

ii. Many old words have been extended to encapsulate the new meanings they are being used towards.

Examples can come from Facebook: tagging, poking, etc. Writing on walls can be put to new use because that can be related to Facebook and talking directly to someone on their Facebook page.

Page 563

33. Poppycock means nonsense, and it comes from the mid-19th century: from Dutch dialect pappekak. cognate words: nonsense, rubbish, claptrap, balderdash, blather, moonshine, garbage.

Page 513

12) It is a threat to other languages that borrow words for their language and it loses the opportunity to be used. Therefore, it runs the risk of losing the language altogether. It is killing off the original language and bringing in outside words that diminish the language and alter the culture.

Page 516

2. We were able to understand most of the piece because it is written in words that are spelled like they sound, not how the appropriate spelling is, for example the first words, “Wans apan a taim” refers to “Once upon a time.” the spelling is off, but the pronunciation is good. It is in story telling form (once upon a time…the end).

3. We were not able to understand this text entirely; some words are regular English words, for example, “get many peoples.” Words are somewhat similar but there are lots of lost or dropped letters. Dees=these udder=under newa=new.

Page 517

29. We believe that it is a worth-while effort because that way the dialects can still be heard among people. By having a variety of languages and dialects, people are able to learn other languages and dialects even though they didn’t grow up with them. This is how culture stays alive. If everything is turned into something of a neutral language, then the uniqueness of the culture will diminish.

Meg Collier, Kiara Grant, Julia McGonigal, Drew Gasparini, Jacob Hanawalt

Page 444, #14:

1. Some Caribbean English dialects do not have specific sounds; instead the sounds [t] and [d], respectively are substituted, for example, both [bo t], there [d r].

Semantic. Many dialects of English have multiple negation, as in I didn’t see nobody take no pictures.

1. Many American dialects have the mid back lax vowel. However, this vowel is produced very differently in different dialects– some are more rounded, some less so; some are higher or lower than others.
2. Names differ from place to place to refer to an insect that glows in the dark, including firefly, lightning bug, glow worm, and fire bug.
3. Some African-American English dialects do not mark the third-person singular present tense with a suffix, for example, he kiss, she see, it jump.
4. In some southern and midwestern dialects of American English, there is no distinction between [I] and [ ] before nasals; only [I] occurs. So for the words pen and pin, which are pronounced [p n] and [pIn], respectively, in many other American English dialects, the pronunciation is [pIn] for both words.

Page 445, #16:

1. The dog is falled asleep: non-native
2. Everyone opened their books: natural
3. My shirt needs cleaned: some
4. Ever since he lost his job, he be sleepin’ all day long: some
5. You shouldn’t ought to put salt in your coffee: some
6. You usually go to the one you want, but me never: some
7. You can see the cops like they’re grabbing kids left and right: natural
8. He didn’t have no book: some
9. I want for you to go home: some
10. Me and Sally played all afternoon: natural
11. Noodles, I can’t stand in chicken soup: non-native
12. There’s nobody can beat her at telling stories: non-native
13. Of whom are you speaking?: some
14. Them tomato plants won’t live: some
15. So don’t I: non-native

Page 446, #17:

1. Bucket
2. Bag
3. Blinds
4. Soda
5. Lightening Bugs
6. On line
7. Straighten it up
8. You Guys
9. Quarter to 5

Jacob:

Page 444:

1. phonological
2. Semantic
3. phonetic
4. syntactic
5. morphological
6. phonetic

Page 445:

1. Non-native
2. natural
3. non-native
4. some
5. some
6. non-native
7. some
8. some
9. non-native
10. natural
11. natural
12. some
13. natural
14. some
15. some

Page 446:

1. Bucket
2. bag
3. blinds
4. soda
5. fireflies
6. in line
7. straighten it up
8. you guys
9. a quarter to

Page 479

#1 Politeness, speaker roles, and turn-taking rules are some competencies that are part of communicative competence. An example for politeness could include lexical, morphological, and pragmatic grammar. Speaker roles include being aware of who you are talking to. For example, someone will speak differently to friends than they would to a boss or a stranger. Turn-taking includes how long we wait to begin talking after someone else is finished speaking. All of these competencies are culturally determined.

#2 A phrase or “utterance” that native speakers naturally respond to with a corresponding phrase or utterance. The response isn’t necessarily a direct answer.

Ex. Part 1 (question):Part 2 (response):

What’s happening?Not much. You?

Are you free Saturday?Sure. Want to go to a movie?

How’s it hanging?  That’s a really weird question. Please don’t say that.

Do you want some gum?Sure, thanks.

WHAZAAAAAAAPPP? WHAAAZAAAAAAAAAPPP?

#3

Pg. 480 #15

Power relationships can be established by people’s use and interpretation of language. For example, people can persuade others to vote a certain way, educate students, and calm people down if they are upset. Linguistic cues can also create power relationships, for example, someone could have dominance in a conversation, and they are asserting their power in the conversation. One person could be a more aggressive speaker. The content of what the speakers are saying can also establish power relationships.

Page 482-#28

1. Etic: As the two young males approached, they looked into each other’s eyes briefly, lowered their heads slightly while maintaining eye contact, grunted, and continued on their respective paths.

Emic: I nodded and said “hey” to my friend as we passed each other.

1. Etic: I poured hard, small crescents into a ceramic, hollow half-sphere, poured water on top of it and put it inside of a box. The box make a whirring noise for a few minutes, then beeped, at which point I took the ceramic half-sphere out. I poured a yellow powder over the now-soft crescents and stirred. I then put the crescents in my mouth using a four pronged metal instrument.

Emic: I ate microwavable macaroni and cheese with a fork.

1. Etic: The older person walked in front of the younger people, speaking into a bulb that amplified his voice. The younger people fell into silence and stared at the older person as he spoke.

Emic: The professor spoke into the microphone, shushing the class and beginning his lecture.

Page 482 #29

Explain the difference of passive observation and participant observation, and give an example of each.

The difference between passive observation and participant observation is that passive observation is lived without observing an event in the moment. The passive event is observed (similar to an outsiders perspective) and the participant observation is when an individual is actively participating in a moment or idea. An example of a participant observation is watching how much sugar an individual puts in their coffee at Starbucks. An example of passive observation is observing how a student goes about asking a teacher a question. What the steps of communication are, and how the question comes up or develops during lecture.

Page 557 #14

We pronounce “knight” without the <k> sound because it represents a phonetic change. This is a change in which we pronounce letters and words differently than how they were originally spelled. This change has no effect on how the word was originally spelled; only the pronunciation changes.

Page 561 #22

Some other aspects of English Morphology that have fluctuation and variation are seen in sentence structure like: Talk, talked, he will talk, he did talk. Different tenses can be spoken within different context of sentences.

Page 562 #29

1. Words: bit, cookie, bug, booting, Java, Linux, ping, spam, virus, worm.  All of the words, except one or two, seem to be old words that have been put to new use.  This might be the general case because it is easier to relate some new idea metaphorically or anecdotally to something we already know and understand than it is to come up with a whole new term for it.  By giving an old word a new meaning you are facilitating people’s’ understanding of the new concepts.
2. We believe that most of these words are taking on a semantic extension.  We feel this way because the boundaries of the contexts the words can be used in is expanding.  The words may have previously been associated with something, and now they are associated with these computer concepts as well, and are able to be used to talk about both.

Page 563 #33

1. Cynic used to mean, “dog-like, or currish.”  We believe the word Cynic underwent a semantic reduction, because the word went from referring to anything as “dog-like” to referring to an individual as being selfish.  The connotation stayed about the same, but the word is now used more specifically.
2. Hacker used to refer to someone who would hack things to pieces or chop things up.  We believe the word hacker underwent a semantic degradation, as the word went from referring to someone chopping, hopefully, plants up, to referring to someone doing harm via a computer.
3. Anecdote used to refer to things unpublished.  We believe the word anecdote underwent a semantic elevation.  The word went from referring to any unpublished work, as it is, to referring to a story that catches interested on its own.  The word now has a more positive meaning, rather than just referring to any boring writing.
4. Grotesque used to refer to unpolished painter’s work.  We believe the word grotesque underwent a semantic elevation, because the word went from referring to unpolished painter’s work, to referring to something as being fantastically extravagant or bizarre.
5. Parakeet used to refer to a parrot.  We believe the word parakeet underwent a semantic reduction, as the word went from referring to a parrot in general, to referring to any of several small typically green parrots.
6. Leer used to refer to side glances.  We believe the word underwent a semantic degradation, as the word went from simply referring to glances, to now referring to those same glances, but viewed as sly or of immodest desire.
7. Captivated used to refer to bringing something into captivity.  We believe the word underwent a semantic degradation, as it went from referring to something being brought into captivity in general, to referring to something or someone being taken prisoner, or being captured.
8. Paisley used to refer to a town in Scotland that was famous for producing textiles and shawls.  We believe the word underwent a semantic elevation, as it went from referring to the town itself, to referring to a pattern found on clothes and other objects that is associated with the town.

Page 513, #12:

There are many words that we use in the English language that is borrowed from French, yet we still manage to keep our own language. For the most part, many people don’t know that some words such as “voyage,” “ticket” or “proposition” are taken from French and are only pronounced differently. Many words are sound similar and have the same meaning. Beef in French is “boeuf” and flower is “fleur.” There are many borrowed words from other languages such as Spanish. Whether one language is borrowing from English, vice versa, we don’t believe that it is threatening a language, for it will always be its’ own language. The only way that there will be any sort of “threat” is if there is some sort of contact language that is created between the main language and another one and the popularity grows. Then again, many of our vocabulary words sound similar or borrowed from another language because Spanish, German, English, French are descents of Germanic Language.

Page 516, #22:

You can really understand the beginning and the end, but the middle part when it says “So nou… wan de… bra hanasi, yu no hou him triki aredi… i tel bra taiga mek dem go pik… maami.” In this part, there are some comprehendable words, but as a whole it is not very clear. “Wans apan a taim dier waz bra hanasi a bra taiga.” It is very clear that they are starting with “once upon a time” and is introducing the main characters Anasi and the Tiger.

#23:

This story is more clear than the Belize Creole. A lot of the story is what would be considered “not written in proper syntax” but that is their language so how it is said and written is normal for them. The first sentence is not super clear but you know that it involves a guy and a hospital. “Keiki” means kid/child in Hawaiian. So after the first sentence, you can understand that the main character is telling the story of a kid telling another kid to get him ice cream. The kid didn’t want to go so he said that he would go for money. The last sentence is saying “Wasamala wid heem,” where he’s saying “What’s the matter with him.” “He no can say ‘Me I stay broke?”-”He can’t say “I’m broke?”

p.517, #29:

For the a couple of hundred of years, colonists have taken away the language and culture of the Native Americans who were on this land first. They have dominated with the cultures that they have brought over to a point where the native’s language has died, for they were forced to learn and speak in English. If anything, we as a country owe it to the natives to practice their language, although it may be hard now for their ancestors barely got to teach and speak it with the surviving people nowadays. Not only has language died in America, but all over the world, especially dialects. Some dead languages include: Biblical Hebrew, Sanskrit and most famously, Latin. Latin is important because many of the words in the English language still use Latin roots, although not many people speak it fluently nowadays, if not, none at all. Knowing how to speak Latin helps you have a deeper understanding of words in English. Many dead languages are those that were related to religion. It could be worth bringing back if people were willing to learn, but that would only apply to the religious groups because some of those languages were Old Church Slavonic and New Testement Greek. Many of the dead languages probably died out too because they didn’t apply to many people and didn’t have much use after a certain amount of time.

By doing homework 4 we saw how language, time, and space all change over time. The changes that occur happen extremely slowly over thousands of years and extensive time periods. For example, when Germanic peoples from thousands of years ago migrated to Britain, their languages merged with the Celtics’ dialects and English was created. Not only did the languages shift regions over time, the languages themselves changed as well.

SUMMARY:

Although there were some differences in each group member’s response in the first part of the homework, we all agree that language, culture, space, and time all relate to one another. The region in which a person lives in greatly influences the way they speak. Some words and phrases are more prominent and widely used in one area than another. In our group, we are either from San Diego or Los Angeles, so our language does not vary much and we notice that by comparing our responses for number 17.

LANGUAGE VARIATION

Andrew’s Responses:

14) P, S, P, Sm, M, P

16) N=native, S= some, NN= non-native

NN, N, S, S, NN, S, S,S, S, N, NN, S, S, S, NN

17) bucket, bag, blinds, soda, fireflies, in line, straighten it up, you guys, a quarter to

Jia’s Response:

14)Phonetic; Syntactic; Phonetic; Semantic; Morphology; Phonology

16) a. non-native; b. natural; c. non-native; d. some; e. some; f. non-native; g. some; h. some; i. some; j. natural; k. non-native; l. some; m. some; n. some; o. non-native

17) a. bucket; b. bag; c. curtains & blinds; d. soda & soft drinks; e. fireflies; f. in line; g. clean it up; h. you guys & y’all; i. none, i say “five fifteen or four fourty-five”

Xiao’s Response:

14) Phonological,Syntactic,Phonetic,Semantic,Morphological,Phonological

16) a.non-native, b.natural, c.non-native, d.some, e.some, f.some, g.some, h.some, i.some, j.natural, k.non-native, l.some, m.some, n.some, o.non-native

17) a.bucket, b.bag, c.blinds and curtains, d.soda, e.fireflies, f.in line, g.clean it up, h.you guys, i.none I say “four forty-five”

Melaney’s Response:

14) Phonological,Syntactic,Phonetic,Semantic,Morphological,Phonological

16) non-native, some, natural,non-native, some, some, some, some,natural,native, some, some, some, some, native

17) a.bucket, bag, curtains, soda, fireflies, in line, clean it up,you guys, none I say “fifteen or four forty-five”

LANGUAGE CULTURE

page 479 #1,2,3

1)      adjective placement, subject-predicate sentence structure, SVO sentence structure.

2)      You can make performance errors and still be competent in the language

3)      An adjacency pair is a when a statement is meant to be responded to

A:Nice weather

B: Sure is

A:Have a good day

B:Thanks,you too

A:See you later

B:see ya

A:Where’s SDSU?

B:Right over there

A:Good work!

B:Thank you!

page 480 #15

15)Power relationships can be established in conversation by the volume of a person’s voice or the pace s/he speaks at. From experience, people who spoke demandingly and gave out instructions tend to assume the more powerful role. Those who take on the subservient role tend to use a lot more fillers in their speech because they are skeptical about what they’re saying. People exerting power are more assertive and confident in what they are saying while those who are acquiescing tend to be more passive and indirect in their speech. These cues are usually socially determined because different cultures exhibits power in conversation differently.

page 482 #28, 29

28)a. etic- A girl twitched her face at another girl and moved her hands back and forth emic-The other day when I saw my friend, I smiled and waved at her.

1. etic- A girl is eating bow shaped things from a bowl and is making loud noises with her mouth opened to another girl who keeps moving her mouth.

emic-For lunch today I ate pasta and laughed at something my friend told me.

c.etic- Teacher walked in quickly mouthed some words, turned on the screen protector and directed the students to focus on the whiteboard.

emic-My teacher rushed in late, said “good morning” to us and went over some changes we needed to make on our calendars.

29)Participant observation involves observing within a community to understand how and why people do certain things on a daily basis. An example would be trying to assimilatee with people around you when you move to a new country. Passive observation is studying the everyday life of a community without getting involved in it to cause the least disturbance ot the community. An example would be a scientist trying to study behavior within a certain community, he can only observe and not get involved.

LANGUAGE CHANGE

page 557 #10, 14

10)Even though there are no written records of proto-Germanic, we know it exists because we can trace back to it by finding similarities between english, german, dutch, danish, swedish and etc. By finding various similarities between these languages we know there must be a common language we can trace back to where english, yiddish and etc. originated from.

14) We spell the words “knife” and “knight” with a <k> because these words come from Germanic roots but people got lazy to pronounce the “k” so it became a silent k and eliminating the “k” in front of some words might cause confusion with other words such as “know” and “knight.”

page 561 #22

22) Examples of fluctuation and variation in english are “drink/drank” and “swim/swam.” The analogical process comes into to play here as it changes the vowels of both words instead of adding -ed to make it past tense. This is probably because these words have not been modified unlike “clomb” to “climbed.”

page 562 #29

29) i. When speaking about the internet and computers, there are more new words than there are old words put to new use. This is because computers and internets are a fairly new technology so people create new words to describe actions they can do on the computer such as “emailing,” “tweeting,” “vlogging,” and the most popular phrase nowadays “google it.” These words or phrases and expressions have never existed before the computer age.

ii. For those old words that have been put to new use extension has occurred because those words have been used to define a new phenomena that had never existed before. These old words have been recycled to have new meanings and connotations when talking about technology.

page 563 #33

33) a.   cynical= cynicus & kunosarges// doglike, churlish: degradation

1. hacker= biohacker//a chopper, cutter: reduction
2. anecdote= anekdota//things unpublished: extension
3. grotesque= grottesca & crotesque//of a cave: elevation
4. parakeet= paroquet & parroochetto//little priest: reduction
5. leer= hleor//untrusting, suspicious,alert:degradation
6. captivated= captivus & captivare//to enthrall with charm: elevation
7. paisley//town in southwest, Scotland: extension

LANGUAGE CONTACT

page 513 #12

12)Foreign influences and extensive borrowing can threaten a language’s purity. The preservation of traditional languages are important.

page 516 #22, 23

22)”Once upon a time there was Anansi and Tiger…” When read out loud, the words sound pretty much similar, however, certain words are harder to understand and different than English. I also understand the part in quotes which reads, “Okay then lets go.”

23) Half of the text is understandable because it is either in plain English or when we pronounce it, it sounds like what we would normally say. However, the grammar is confusing and most of the words we cannot comprehend. In Hawaiian Creole English, there is “Me I,” but in regular English, we either say “me” or “I,” we do not say both or put them next to each other in a sentence.

page 517 #29

29) It is definitely a worthwhile effort to prevent an endangered language from dying out. Language plays a huge role in determining people’s identity. Language is a very precious to a culture because it reflects its history and past. It also brings unity and community to those who speak the same language. The language people speak growing up really defines and shapes who they are later on in life.

Jia Xu, Xiao Huang, Andrew Madruga, Melaney Beene

Laura Kalmanson, Paula Soto, Kaitlyn DeJesus, Kim Gonzalez
Summary: How you talk reflects your region, age, class, race/ethnicity, and sex/sexuality. Language has changed over time to accomodate mixing peoples and their cultural identities. Words can die away, but become reborn through new uses.
14. Phonetics
Syntactic
Phonological
Semantic
Morphological
Phonetic

16. a) non-native
b) natural
c) non-native
d) some
e) some
f) non-native
g) some
h) some
i) natural
j) natural
k) non-native
l) non-native
m) some
n) some
o) non-native

17. a) bucket
b) bag
c) blinds, window shades, curtains, shades
d) soda, soft drink
e) fireflies, lightening bugs
f) in line
g) straighten it up, clean it up
h) you guys
i) a quarter to 5, quarter ’til 5

We’re all from California, with some variation from age, all women, same class

1. Politeness, Speaker Roles, Turn-Taking Roles, Greetings
2. Cultural competence is the understanding of colloquial phrasespertaining to the culture surrounding the language, while linguistic competence is the understanding of the syntax of a language, unlike performance, which is the ability to soun like a native speaker.
3. Adjacency pairs are pairs of adjacent utterances produced by tow different speakers in which the first utterance provokes the hearer to respond with the second utterance.
-“How are you?” “I’m doing well, how are you?”
-“Did you do the homework?” “No, I got too turnt last night to function.”
-“Are you sick?” “No, I’m just tired.”
-“What are you doing right now?” “Shaving my hamster.”
-“What’s your favorite color?” “Burlap.”

15. Power relationships can be established through means that make use of every level of linguistic structure. If one person is giving commands and the receiver is submitting to the commands. These cues are socially determined becuase who is exerting power and who is acquescing is determined by societies standards.

28. a. etic: The two girls walked towards each other, made a weird face at each other, continued to perform a strange hand gesture, and went on their merry way.
emic: Two girls walked towards each other, waved, and smiled at each other.
b. etic: A girl ate bread, lettuce, meat and cheese, said ith her lips ” I need to read these chapters,” and then continued to keep her butt on the seat of the chair whilst sunlight shined down on her as she read the words on the page.
emic: A girl ate a turey and cheese sanwichwhile sayig that she needed to read some chapters for her class, and then read the chapters under the sun.
c. etic: The young students were chatting as the linguistics professor attempted to start class by lifting his arms, hands extended, and moved them from right to left, while vocally expressing his displeasure.
emic: The students kept talking while the liguistics teacher tried to start class by waving his arms and telling them all to be quiet.

29. participant observation consists of systematically observing within a community in order to understan how and why people do the things they do on a daily basis. An example of this is people watching. On the other hand passive observation consists of passively watching how daily life unfolds without partaking in any local activities in order to cause the least disturbance possible to the daily routine of the community being studied. An example of this is listening to two peoples conversation while on the train.

10. We know there was a proto-Germanic language because the Germanic languages are similar and therefore derived from one language and then splintered off.

14. When William Caxton brought the printing press to England, he chose the spelling of knife and knight in a dialect where the ‘k’ was pronounced, but in other regions, the ‘k’ was not pronounced.

22. Other examples include “is, are, were, was”; “child, children”; “good, better, best”; “mouse, mice”. Analogical processes are at work in causing these fluctuations in that the unusual variations and fluctuations are the older words, while adding -ed to words are newer morphological changes.

29. Many are old words put to new use because they are the best way to describe the new ideas. There are very few new words because it’s just easier to reuse old words.

33. a) cynic: like a dog–degredation
b) hacker: someone who is unskilled or inexperienced–elevation
c) antecdote: unpublished items–extension
d) grotesque: cave painting–extension
e) parakeet: parrot–reduction
f) leer: cheek–degradation
g) captivated: seize, capture–elevation
h) paisley: town in Scotland–extension

12. We do not think that it’s a bad thing because language is always changing and can just get better with time.

22. We understand about half of the story when it uses English words. In the beginning, it says “once upon a time.” It uses words that sounds like English, but there are many parts that we do not understand, like when the it says, “bra.”

23. We understand the majority of the story because it’s in English for the most part. The beginning of the text is Hawaiian, and we do not understand it.

29. It’s worthwhile because it helps bring the people back to their roots, and many times their language died because an unfair invasion of the peoples. You can learn about the culture through the meaning of the words in languages.