October, 2014
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Vlog #1 – Adam Gilmore’s group
link to youtube -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jx2hvQn6L4c&feature=youtu.be
LFL: hummmmm strange
About Me. under graduate a senior a prototype of linguist hoping to graduate soon.
My linguistic self. i am a straight muslim mixed man from bay area. I’m well founded in islam some say i am religious some and i say i am not. i guess you could say i am religious. i use my language some ways theatrically, with a lot of no practicing muslims or the ones who claim to be religious with a variation of volume and pitch hmmmm think like the eminent sheikh ibn quadmah may Allah have mercy upon him. i used to pronounce words like “turn” and “churn” i don’t recall of any other words i would miss pronounce.
My Favorite Books. my favorite books would include umdatah fiqh,umdatah akham,sharh sunnah, quran, mughani, hadith sunnah nasi, bukhari, muslim and many others it would cover my whole page if i would keep adding books.
My Favorite Word. I think that “like of” i think is perfect word in English ( i think it is just english). it describes for example when quoting a quote of the individual and you say the word it feels like you are not plagiarizing and i like the sound of the word. it starts out sssss – ffffff making it explosive but soothing and not harsh. after all this does sometimes happens to me. its an old farsi dialect.
How is linguistics like a pine cone? although pine cone has scales i would say it is a pine cone based on how many scales it has
LFL: Student, Athlete, Linguist, do-gooder
About me:
I was born and raised in Minneapolis, MN. I speak both English and Swedish. I play hockey and soccer. Die hard Wild fan.
My Language:
I’m a middle class white male from Minneapolis, MN. I am an artist and athlete. I lived in Sweden for a year. I picked up the language very quickly and became nearly fluent. Since this time I’ve lost a lot of my vocabulary but have maintained a good ability to understand and communicate in Swedish. I’ve been back several times to visit family and friends.
Favorite Music:
I can listen to anything depending on time place and mood. I love live hip-hop concerts. I also like to listen to indie-type music. Fink, Bombay Bicycle Club and Cage the Elephant are primo.
Favorite Word: Lagom
This is a Swedish word that means “Middle” or “Moderate” or “Just right”. The word doesn’t translate directly into English because it is used differently. I like the word because it describes a lot of the things well. I’m feeling lagom: relaxed, content, good.
Ideal Linguistic Adventure:
I meet a cute Swedish blonde girl. We alternate from speaking Swedish and English. We date for a few months. She wants me to meet her billionaire parents. I fly into Stockholm in a private jet and meet her parents at their mansion. Her mother speaks Swedish and French. Her dad offers me an executive position at his graphic design firm in France. The mother teaches me French and I soon become fluent in both French and Swedish.
How is linguistics like a pine cone?
Linguistics is hard. It’s a spiky and rough on the outside. But pine cones come from trees; there is a larger meaning and use. Linguistics is complex but paramount to our understanding of the world.
LFL: Fun, Eccentric Non-conformist
Something About Myself: Extremely lazy but work well under pressure; enjoy baking at own leisure. Bed must be neat and tidy… and surrounded by stuffed animals.
My Language: I am originally from a small village in China, then traveled to a small city in Los Angeles called San Gabriel, which is still filled with my own kind- Asians. I consider myself to be a dorky Asian rebel that still goes to the temple with my mom every year. I tend to talk very fast with my close friends, which are also Asians. Also, I often slur my words simply because I am too lazy to enunciate every word.
Favorite Movies: 1) White Chicks
2) A Walk to Remember
3) Death at a Funeral
Favorite Word: Dumpling. A simple word that sounds cute and delicious. The outside may seem plain and boring, but as you bite into it, you will taste different kinds of yummy-ness.
My Ideal Linguistic Adventure: We would be walking down a crowded street in Paris speaking French and enjoying dessert at a cute coffee shop. Then we would be in an isolated island in Japan enjoying nature and listening to the natives speak Japanese.
How is Linguistics like a Pine Cone? A pine cone is defined as: the conical or rounded woody fruit of a pine tree, with scales that open to release the seeds. Linguistics is similar in the sense that there are many branches and categories. Pine cones contain the reproductive structure of a pine tree, while Linguistic Reproduction plays a major role in the evolution of language groups.
HW #4
Linguistics 101 Homework #4
Pragmatics
Make brief notes about:
p. 300, #5 – Deixis
a. yes, they & your (2)
b. no
c. no
d. yes, that & me and it
e. yes, another (another to what?) and now (what time does the sentence refer to)
f. no
g. yes, here (home, business hotel room?), Problem (hardware, program…?), and there (office, company, technician’s home?)
p. 301, #10 : Transcribe a sentence you hear
- What time are you working tomorrow? [ wʌt taɪm ɑr yu wɜr kɪŋ təˈmɔr oʊ ]
ii. because of the word “tomorrow” I was able to conclude the speaker wanted information about a specific day
iii. without the word “tomorrow” I could’ve interpreted it as any day of the week and without the word “working” I might not understood what the speaker was referring to.
p. 302, #14: Be Brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity)
Grices statement violated the maximum of quantity which states to either make your contribution as informative as is require or not to make your contribution more informative than is required. Her statement “be brief” was more than enough to get her point across.
p. 303, #18: Fouting Maxims
i. He uses maxim of relevance.
ii. He’s avoiding being straightforward, instead he deters from the question asked by pointing out a good aspect of the movie rather than just stating his dislike for it.
p. 306, #33: Speech Acts
i. This sentence is an assertion in speech act
ii. Could either mean that its warm outside compared to how cold it is inside or that its a very warm day.
iii. Convey the difference in temperature
Provide information about the weather
iv. directly, it is conveyed directly and literally
p. 307, #37: Speech Acts (Promise vs Threat)
The listener believes that the speaker wants something done.
The listener is able to do that thing.
The listener has no choice but to do it. (?)
It has not already been done (or it could be done again).
p. 308, #40: Performatives
- promise is a performance verb because it commits the speaker to an action
b. suggest , no it conveys an idea thought but action is not assured
c. convince, action verb because it commits the listener to an action
d. warn, action verb because it conveys information
e. incite , no it is more of a feeling than action verb
f. forbid, performance verb demands an action
g. inspire , no because an action is not assured
h. amuse is not a performance verb because its a state of being it does not request for any action/ “performance” by the listener
i. order, is a performance verb because it demands an action
j. provoke, no action is demanded or requested
Language Variation
Do all of:
p. 444, #14 – Identify the level of linguistic structure where the variation occurs.
a. phonetic
b. syntactic
c .phonological
d. semantic
e. morphological
f. phonetic
p. 445, #16 – Natural, Some, Non-Native
Make brief notes about:
a. non-native, has fallen
b. natural
c. some , cleaning
d. some
e. some
f. non-native, I never
g. some
h. non-native
i. non-native, I want you to go home
j. natural
k. some
l. non-native
m. some
n. some
o. some
p. 446, #17 – Vocabulary variation
a. bucket
b. bag
c. curtains
d. soda
e. fireflies
f. in line
g. clean it up
h. you guys
i. a quarter ‘till 5
p. 447, #26 – Examples of variation
b. “like” “dude”
c. yolo, totes
d. spanglish
p. 450, #37 – Quizzes
The quiz I took labeled me in the region I have always lived in southern california
Language & Culture
Make brief notes about:
p. 479
#1
politeness strategies, culturally determined.
speaker roles, depending on who you are chatting with.
Turn-taking rules, time you wait to begin speaking or respond after another person is finished speaking.
#2.
It differs because social competence can come from the community of speakers you belong to, and linguistic competence can come from what we learn for example in school while growing up.
#3.
1.May I please use the restroom? Yes you may
2. Do you know where the library is? Yes its on the left hand side/ no I do not
3. When is the test? The test is next week
4. How was your day at work? It was fine
5. Can you help me with these boxes? Yes of course
p. 480, #15
-assertiveness, less turn taking and more statements than questions
p. 481, #19
a. get me more paper
b. be a doll and grab me some more paper
c. you wouldn’t happen to know where the rest of the printing paper went would you?
d. how do we run out of paper so fast?
p. 482, #28.
etic: we ran to each other and embraced joyfully
emic: two girls ran and hugged
etic: creamy buttermilk pancakes with a hot vanilla sot latte, while I was having a phone conversation rearranging appointments and thinking about my exam Wednesday
emic: girl eating and dinking coffee talking on the phone
etic: entered the class joyfully as always, sporting his well put together outfit and began to organize his lecture for the day
emic: stepped into the class and waited for the students to arrive
LFL: Order out of Chaos
About Me
(Matrix Reloaded using an actual exploit)
I have to find out “the hard way”. I’m a former psychonaut not by choice. People I look up to are hackers, chemists and professors.
My Language
(representation of Indra’s net)
I’m a Caucasian from San Diego, California. I’m a yellow belt in Shaolin Kempo. I have friends that I’ve met online that I’ve spoken to through free (for us) conference lines. When I’m discussing philosophy with a friend I find I can convey the concepts best through metaphors like Indra’s Net when discussing the interconnectedness of reality. I also use language differently depending on who can hear within the range of my voice.
Favorite Movies
( from Nausicaa)
The Matrix – Wachowski siblings
Gozu – Takashi Miike
Nausicaa – Hayao Miyazaki
Favorite Word
Puppet is my favorite word and I love to use it around people whose only source of news comes filtered through fox or msnbc and its related affiliates. Puppet is such a childlike concept that can induce such rage in someone deeply amuses me.
Here’s an example, The US government went to Central and South America and destabilized governments through various coup d’état in which they installed a Puppet dictator whose strings could be pulled by the CIA in Washington.
Sanskrit Adventure
(character is called “aum”)
(is said to be the sound of the first utterance of the universe)
My ideal linguistic adventure would consist of a Brahmin fluent in Sanskrit who would break down the words into morphemes so that with his guidance we could could form phonemes giving me access to ancient texts which contain a well’s worth of wisdom and knowledge. Eventually after studying with him for many years my phonology would pick up the words near fluency.
Pinecone
(a computer model representation of the pineal gland)
Linguistics is like a pinecone because it’s strength lies at the foundation like that of the language families similar to a tree. These trees can be found in linguistics like the “Indo-European” family which breaks down at least partially into the Germanic branch. The pinecone also represents the pineal gland within the sphere of linguistics in addition to a lot of interdisciplinary studies which try to define its one specific use but like linguistics its not entirely fleshed out and to say it is would place limitations on it. There is even the pinecone looking quite similar physically to the pineal gland or as Descartes’ put it “the seat of the soul”.
Homework 4
Language Variation:
14. Phonetic Phonetic Phonetic
Syntactic Syntactic Syntactic
Phonetic Phonetic Phonetic
Semantic Semantic Semantic
Syntactic Syntactic Syntactic
Phonological Phonological Semantic
16. a. non-native non native
b. natural natural
c. natural some (I feel like there needs to be a “to be” in front of the word “cleaned” to sound natural)
d. some some
e. non-native non native
f. some some (depending on inflections I think)
g. some natural
h. some some
i. non-native some (definitely have heard this before, it’s just… awkward)
j. natural natural k. non-native non native
l. some non native m. natural some (whom is dated)
n. some some
o. non-native non native
17. a. bucket bucket
b. bag bag
c. blinds blinds
d. soda soft drinks or soda
e. fireflies fireflies
f. in line in line
g. clean it up clean it up
h. you guys you guys
i. a quarter to a quarter to
Language & Culture:
- What are some of the competencies that are part of communicative competence?Politeness, speaker roles, turn-taking roles, softening, and Non-Verbal Communication,
- How does cultural competence differ from linguistic competence and from performance? Linguistic competence is a persons ability to speak a language, and linguistic performance is what we do with that ability. Cultural competence is different in that it is the ability to use more than just the information needed to speak a language, but also be able to communicate using cultural norms.
- What is an adjacency pair? Make a list of five adjacency pairs in American English not mentioned in the chapter.
An adjacency pair is essentially a conversation/exchange between two people where what the first person says provokes the response given by the second person.
- “Sup” — “Howdy”
- “Can I have a bite of your sandwich?” — “No”
- “Do you want to go out on a date?” — “No”
- “What would happen if I microwaved this?” — “It’d warm up”
- “Mom hates you” — “I know”
15. Based on the material in this file, what are some ways that power relationship can be established in a conversation? Give some concrete examples from your own experience. What cues do you think might be particularly indicative of someone exerting power as opposed to someone acquiescing? Are these cues inherent or socially determined? In an example of professor and student having a conversation, I notice that the student typically adjusts their vocabulary to match the level of the professor, but they also seem a bit more polite and kind of submissive in a sense. Lots of “thank yous” and apologies pertaining to taking up the professor’s time are pretty evident. I think these sorts of cues would be considered socially determined, due to the fact students only speak this way when they know the professor on a professional basis.
28. Give an etic description and an emic description of each of the following:
-
- How you and a friend greeted one another today. Usually among my friends, when one person greets another, the second person returns with the same greeting. If I were to walk up to my friend and say “hey,” she would more than likely say “hey” back instead of using a different greeting. This might show that the person starting the conversation has the most power in it.
- What you ate, said, and did at lunch today.
- How your instructor started class. My astronomy professor always starts class saying “Alright you rascals…”
- 29. Explain the difference between passive observation and participant observation, and give an example of each. Participant observation is a way to do research by making observations from within a community in order to understand why and how people do things on a daily basis. While passive observation is doing research by passively observing everyday life in the community being researched, without actively participating in the community.
Language Change
10. How do we know there was a proto-Germanic even though we do not have written records of it? (i.e., we don’t have anything like Latin, as we have with French, Spanish, Italian, etc.)? We know there was a proto-Germanic because of the similarity in other languages. There can also be a history traced from cultures and their languages to one another. Latin is not a commonly spoken language, but it is still taught and understood because of the history tying it to the many languages it is connected to.
14. Why do we spell words knife and knight with a <k> when they are pronounced with an initial alveolar nasal? This is possibly to do previous language spellings that transferred into English. It could be that the original root was spelled differently than how it sounds. This could also be a form of deletion, where a sound in the word is no longer pronounced.
22. Try to come up with other aspects of English morphology that currently show some degree of fluctuation and variation (e.g., saw versus seen as the past tense form of see). To what extent are analogical processes at work in causing these fluctuations? One common example is when people argue over saying something is “more fun” or when something is “funner.” I have heard both used before, and some people hear one as being more correct than the other.
29. Think about terms you use to talk about computers and actions on computers (e.g., “surf the net”). Online, hacker, mouse
- How many of these are old words that have been put to new use, and how many are totally new words? Why do you think this would be the case? I think most of the words are old words given a new meaning. The word “hacker” used to be used in a different sense than it is now. Online used to mean situated on the route of a railway, and obviously mouse used to mean the small rodent. I think this is the case because languages tend to use words they have to describe things they don’t have words for.
- For those old words that have been put to new use, what kind of semantic change (extension, reduction, elevation, or degradation) had occurred? Why do you think this would be the case? Most of them have an extension, because they are being used to describe things in different contexts than they were used before.
33. Using the Oxford English Dictionary or some other etymological reference, find the earlier meanings of each of the following words. What kind of semantic change (extension, reduction, elevation, or degradation) has occurred in each case?
- cynic – “belonging to or characteristic of the sect of philosophers called Cynics” – extensions (context word is used in has grown)
- hacker –“one who hoes with a hack; one who mangles words or sense” – extensions (context word is used in has grown)
- anecdote – “secret, private, or hitherto unpublished narratives or details of history” – extensions (context word is used in has grown)
- grotesque – “A kind of decorative painting or sculpture, consisting of representations of portions of human and animal forms, fantastically combined and interwoven with foliage and flowers” – degradation (word has acquired a more negative meaning over time)
- parakeet – “A parrot” – reduction (context word is used in has narrowed to something more specific)
- leer – “The cheek” – degradation (word has acquired a more negative meaning over time)
- captivated – “Made captive, enthralled” – elevation (word has taken on a more positive meaning)
- paisley – “Designating a garment, fabric, etc., originating in or manufactured in Paisley; spec. (esp. in later use) designating something patterned with distinctive, ornate, teardrop- or feather-shaped figures, based on an Indian pine cone design, as traditionally manufactured in Paisley” -extensions (context word is used in has grown)
Language Contact
12. Many speakers of languages that borrow freely from English feel that their language is threatened by this “infiltration” of English words. The French even have an agency, the Académie Française, which tried to limit the borrowing of foreign words and promote the use of French words. Do you think that extensive borrowing is a threat to language? Why or why not? I don’t think that extensive borrowing is a threat to language. There are many words and phrases from other languages that English has borrowed for so long, that many people don’t know it started out as a borrowed word. This doesn’t harm the original language, in my opinion. It may change the language, but language changes all the time without borrowing any words. It just another way that language changes over time.
22. Consider the Belize Creole text below. It is the beginning of a story involving Anansi and Tiger. Which aspects of the text and similar and which are different from English? How much of the text can you understand? (Hint: Try to read the text as if it were written in IPA.)
Wans apan a taim dier waz bra hanasi an bra taiga. So nou, ina kriol yu want a tel yu? Ina kriol? So now de… wa maami tri mi de klos di haus. So nou… wan de… bra hanansi, yu no him triki aredi… i tel bra taigga mek dem go pik… maami. So nou bra taiga se “oke den les go,” so… den gaan.
The spelling of the words are very different, but reading it as if it’s written in IPA makes it relatively easy to understand most words. The order of the words also seems similar to the way english structures their sentences.
23. Consider the text Hawaiian Creole English below (Hawai’i Herald 1946). Which aspects of the text are similar to and which are different from English? How much of the text can you understand?
Hukilepo, get many people on dees islan who stay tink me outa be een som pupule hospeetal. But me I goin tell you something… One keiki been tell da udder one fo go buy ice cream fo dey eat up on top da bus. Den da udder one newa like go so he been say, “Poho money.” Wasamala wid heem, he no can say “Me I stay broke?”
There are several words using the same spelling as english, “get,” “many,” and “tell” for example. Words like those are easy to understand, and any other words that are similar. Several of them have only a letter or two dropped off. But other words are much more difficult to understand.
29. Do you think it is a worthwhile effort to try and prevent endangered languages from dying out or even revive dormant languages?
I think it is a worthwhile effort. Language is very important to people and their identity and losing that can be like losing a part of themselves. Language is also incredibly important to history, and losing languages could take away things future generations might want to know about. I on the other hand don’t believe that we should revive them. Languages develop and grow and stronger vocabulary. Languages that are dying out due to a smaller population have little effect on the growth of larger languages. That being said, it is also good to preserve cultures and languages.
Summary: We’ve learned that language is something that can be very different depending on all of its factors. Our group comes from several different places, and so we have different opinions on whether something sounds natural or not. But language also has many universal aspects to it that gave us similar answers. The universality of language also applies to its changes: when words change, they change across the board. Meanings of words don’t typically change in one place in the world, the change spreads and a whole generation will have new words that generations before didn’t, no matter where in the world they are.
Kat Tharp, Stellan Christensen, Sydnie Gilinsky, Seth Rubero
Hw 4
Carl Spencr, Katrina Chavez, Paige Bowden, Michelle Kuerz
Language is ever changing, it is constantly evolving and taking new forms. The world is filled with thousands of languages, each one unique to its’ own culture, having different rules and social norms. Language and culture go hand in hand. If you are a native speaker of a language you will automatically have a mental grammar and cultural competence. If you are a speaker of Pidgin, then you will take the very basics of a language and build from there. Language can be broken down and changed, and it also holds cultural context. Language, not only is expressed in words, but in numerous things such as culture, body language and history. It is in a state of constant change, molding and shaping generations through generations, from odd and mixed beginnings to the way we need to use it today. Its been around for thousands of years and there is no such thing as a ‘standard language.’ Language changes slowly. Almost unnoticeable. By the time people do notice it, it is already to late. Language is one of the main things that defines us. It was makes us so special and unique. It is what makes us who we are.
P.445 #16
a.Non native b. Natural c. Non d. Some e. Some f. Natural g.Natural/Some h. Some I. Natural
J. Natural k.Natural l.Non m. Some n. Some o. Some
P.446 #17
a. A b. A c. E d. other, Cola e. A f. B g.A h. C I. None
Pg. 444 #14
P, S, Ph, Sm, M, Ph
Pg. 445 # 16
-Non- native
-Natural
-Some
-Natural
-Some
-Non- Native
-Some
-Natural
-Non- Native
-Natural
-Non-Native
-Some
-Natural
-Some
-Non-native
Pg. 446 #17
1.bucket
2.bag
3.blinds
4.soda
5.fireflies
6.in line
7.straighten it up, clean it up
8.you guys
9.a quarter to 5, a quarter til 5
P.444 #14
1.Phonetic, has to do with the individual sounds
2. Syntactic, choice of words to form a sentence (structure)
3.Phonetics, has to do with speech sound
4.Semantics, word meaning
5.Morphological, smallest unit with meaning (affixes)
6.Phonetic, speech sound variation
P.445#16
1.Non-native b. natural c. non-native d. some e. some f. some g. some h. some i. some j. natural k. non-native l. some m. some n. some o. non-native
P.446 #17
1.A b. A c. A & E d. A e. A f. B g. D h. A i. B
p. 444, #14 – Identify the level of linguistic structure where the variation occurs.
1. P
2. S
3. PH
4. SM
5. M
6. PH
p. 445, #16 – Natural, Some, Non-Native
a. non native
b. Natural
c. Some
d. Some
e. Some
f. Some
g. Natural
h. Some
i. Some
j. Natural
k. Some
l. Some
m. Natural
n. Some
o. Non-native
p. 446, #17- Vocabulary variation
a. bucket
b. bag
c. curtains
d. soda
e. lightening bugs
f. in a line
g. clean it up
h. you guys
P.479 #1
Using politeness where it is fit, (culturally, situationlly, contextually) Attentiveness to your speaker and as a listener yourself, to what is being said, social cues, expressions, timing etc and overall interaction with your partner.
P.479 #2
Culturally some languages require a certain way of speech such as Japanese with it’s 謙譲語 and 尊敬語 which could be seen as a separate dialect as you switch your verbal tone entirely from it. Words conjugation entirely differently with the these forms. Physical practices too, outside of verbal communication can rely respect and politeness.
P.479 #3
1.How are you?//I’m good, yourself? 2.How was class?//Pretty good 3.Sleep well?// Yeah.
4.You hungry?// Nah, Im good. 5. Want a drink?//Yeah sure.
P.480 #15
It can be established by basic techniques of compliance, being of an already higher ground of authority, tone of voice, generating interest; negatively it can also be forced, coerced.
For example, I’m actually more of a soft powered person in relation to authority, at my work, I’m in charge of 15 or so children week to week, whereby I’ve tended to use a sort of soft power to persuade or establish an authority. As in, if the 15 or so kids get out of control, while yelling or whistle blowing to get their attention works, if you get the children who already listen to calm down, and either compliment or praise or reward them, the other kids might also want the rewarding and begin to calm down.
p. 482,
#28
a. Etic- Susie passed by me in the Starbucks over on Washington street. She gave me a big hug and we each took turns exchanging stories while waiting in line. Emic- I saw susie today in Starbucks
b. Etic- I sat down along side the brick wall next to the library. I opened my back and pulled out a peanut butter and jelly sandwich along with some carrots. I reached for my ipod inside my pocket and turned on Pandora radio. Emic- I ate lunch near the library.
c. Etic- The instructor started class at exactly 8 am, he said “ok lets get started” and began reviewing last lessons material on Acoustics. He began with the last slide we ended off on which was cochlear mechanics. He then asked the class if anyone had any questions. Emic- He came in and started lecture right away.
#29
Passive observation- acting as a bystander observing surroundings
Participant observation- Actively observing surroundings in order to learn more.
Pg. 557
#10
We know about proto-Germanic or that there was one because that is where we get English. Germanic is the mother of English. Also, all though there are not any written records of the language, we can still proved it existed because of words and grammar that are similar in other languages.
#14
We spell it with a <k> sound even though we no longer pronounce it that was is because a long time ago, we actually did say the k. some parts of the world still don’t, we just dropped it a while ago.
Pg. 561
#22
One example is for draw. For past tense it can be drew or drawn.
Pg. 562 #29
- computer jargon is in itself its own language. Because of the more recent development of computers (only over the past 25 years), a lot of the terms are new (for example: Googling). However, most of the terms are English words used in new ways (For example: a mouse, before computers it only meant a rodent, but since computers it means the object you use to scroll and click). Like I said, because computers are a more recent development, we are just starting to add to the language completely invented by the digital age, most words are just recycled.
ii It seams a semantic expansion is occurring with the use of already existing
English terms. The example given, “surf the net,” consists of words that already made sense in English, but because of computers, these words take on a new meaning. This seems to be the case because the word meanings are simply reinvented from previously existing words.
Pg. 563 #33
- cynic – like a dog, extension
- hacker – someone bad at a sport, extension
- anecdote – unpublished items, reduction
- grotesque – cave painting, extension
- parakeet – parrot, reduction
- leer – cheek, extension
- captivated – to take, extension
- paisley – town in Scotland, extension
Pg. 513 #12
As an English speaker, I feel that borrowing words from another language does not harm that language at all. However, English is a language and culture that prides itself on being a melting pot of many other cultures, so I may be a bit biased. As far as the French trying to preserve their language, I think that is ridiculous. Language is supposed to be in a constant state of change, which is the very reason we do not speak Old English today. Adding words from other languages to your own language only enriches it and adds more options for word choice. I do not see how this could be a bad thing.
Pg. 516
#22
Once upon a time there was …. Anansi and…TIger. So now, in a …. you want to tell you? In a ….? So now………….. So now….. Anansi, you know how him trick already….I tell Tiger make them go pick…….. So now Tiger say, “Okay then lets go,”……..
Once upon a time to start a story is similar to English. So now represents next. Differences include direct speech to the audience, and incorrect use of pronouns.
#23
Hukilepo, get many people on this island who stay think me I ought to been some [] hospital. But me, I going tell you something….One [] been tell the other one to go buy ice cream for they eat up on top the bus. Then the other one [] like go so he been say, “[] money.” What’s the matter with him. he can no say, “Me I stay broke?”
Use of the first person, Incorrect use of pronouns according to English. No contractions, just omission.
Pg. 517 #29
Every language has a culture that goes with it. To completely let all Native American languages die is to wipe out an entire culture as well. From a historical standpoint, we should really be fighting to keep them alive because these languages hold many clues as to just what kind of civilization each tribe was. The least we can do is preserve these languages, especially because we are part of the reason they are dying in the first place. The effort to colonize America completely wiped out the indigenous peoples, and this is last tie that the remaining Native Americans today have to their ancestors
Homework #4 Freakatives
Cory Stapleton
Giovanna Alvarado
Keana Sabin
Michelle Zavestoski
Steve Juarez
Linguistics 101
Homework #4
Summary:
Language is extremely dynamic. It is constantly changing and adapting. The ways in which language changes relates to the environment in which the language is being used. The environment consists of many features, such as time, place, and the people who the language is being communicated with. All these things promote change within a language. Even though languages vary, when brought together they begin to take attributes from one another. Culture is equally important in relation to language. For the culture, the language used dictates what variations occur. If people are in a hurry, they may shorten their speech in order to reflect the speed in which they wish to transmit their message, like when someone says “lol” instead of actually laughing. The people in which the language is spoken to greatly effects the type of language used. If the community is populated by children, the words used would reflect the understanding the children have in order to make communication run smoothly and efficiently. The way in which we speak represents the language we are comfortable using in order to express ourselves, i.e. emic vs etic. Depending on R.A.C.E.S., we can have a general idea of an individual and their language. For example, a higher class individual may speak with more sophistication and in a dialect with more advanced words. A gay individual may speak differently than an individual who is straight, etc. Education plays a big part in this as well. The better the schooling and home environment, the better a language may be acquired and a particular dialect may be formed. Language is an enormous part of culture that brings everyone together and lets people share their ideas and thoughts, either positively or negatively.
Group’s Grouped Answers
pg. 444 #14
Ph/S/P/M/Sm/Ph
Pg. 445 #16
a. some
b. natural
c. some
d. natural
e. NN
f. some
g. natural
h. some
i. natural
j. natural
k. natural
l. NN
m. natural
n. some
o. NN
Pg. 446 #17
(A) Bucket
(A) Bag
(B) Shades
(A) Soda
(A) Fireflies
(B) In line
(D) Clean it up
(A) You guys
(B) A quarter to 5
pg. 479
Some competencies part of communicative competence are politeness, speaker roles, turn-taking roles and greetings.
2. Cultural Competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enables that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations. While linguistic competence is the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language; performance is the ability to produce and comprehend sentences in a language. In certain cultures, it is rude to look at someone in the eye when you speak to them—different cultures have various rules of language, and some of it doesn’t need to be spoken.
3. An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two speakers. The turns are functionally related to each other in such a fashion that the first turn requires a certain type or range of types of second turn.
Book definition: Adjacency pairs are pairs of adjacent utterances produced by two different speakers, in which the first utterance provokes or requires the hearer to respond with the second utterance.
Five Adjacency Pairs in American English:
1. How are you today? I’m phenomenal.
2. Are you lost? Nope.
3. Hi! Welcome. Thank you.
4. What have you been up to? Nothing.
5. Can you point me in the direction of “__?” Sure.
480
15. Power relationships are established in conversation when we try to persuade, educate, and convince other individuals or attempt to gain their attention or change their emotions. It refers to one speaker being more dominant or subservient. The power relationship expressed by language is defined by those who use language rather than by any inherent properties of a language. You can tell when someone is acquiescing within a conversation because they’ll just listen to the other –who’s exerting power– without any fight or struggle. These cues are socially determined because we learn how to exert power through interactions with others. Examples of when establishing power happens within a conversation: presenting a project, selling a product, arguing your point, displaying your love towards a person, coaching, work related situations, etc.
482
a) Etic: Students walked rapidly through the long pathway in between buildings, while one raised her hand to about an eye-level, palm out, fingers extended and moved it back and forth at the wrist, capturing the eye-sight of one another, joining in a same facial expression, showing their teeth to each other, followed by a raise of both of their arms, extended to one another and giving each other a slight squeeze.
Emic: Students rushed down the hall while one waved her hand capturing the attention of
another, joining each other with a smile on their faces followed by a hug.
b) What you ate, and did at lunch today.
Etic: The girl ventured in to the west commons market. It appears she took no thought into what to truly eat as she hastily grabbed a peanut butter sandwich, banana and milk to purchase. She rummaged through her purse for her wallet and card to make the purchase. She hurried to her next class.
Emic: Right before her next class, a girl bought a sandwich, banana and milk at the student store. After the purchase she hurried to class
c) how your instructor started class.
Etic: The young professor stood by the podium. Stared at the classroom clock and saw how much time there was before class started. He then took his final sip of coffee. It was time. He positioned himself away from the podium and to front of the whiteboard to gain the attention of his students and start the class.
Emic: The professor drank his coffee and soon enough started teaching his class.
28.
Passive observation: there aren’t any interviews under observation — but typically when the observation is concluded. An example could be that an observer follows a number of consumers in order to see how they use a given product. Subsequently the consumers are interviewed.
Participant observation: the interviewer takes part of the respondent’s doings with regards to a specific area/field and hereby the interviewer gains insight in the views of the respondents. An example could be that a company wishes to gain insight in how the employees use the common facilities. An interviewer is introduced in the company and shows up every morning for a week together with the employees. The interviewer is a part of the working day of the company and continuously interviews chosen employees about their activities/movements.
Book definition: Passive participation: a type of participant observation in which the researcher passively watches everyday life in the community without taking part.
Participant observation: a type of field work that consists of systematically observing within a community in order to understand how and why people do the things they do on a daily basis.
Page 557
10. No written records of Proto-Germanic exist, but the words and grammar of the language have been reconstructed by linguists.
14. Back in the days when Old English was spoken, the “k” in these sorts of words was not silent, so they would be pronounced as k’nife, k’night, and so on. This pronunciation was even common in the time of William Shakespeare! At some point, people decided that this sort of articulation was too cumbersome, so they stopped voicing the beginning consonant! The same thing happened with “gn” words such as gnome and gnarled. However, other Germanic languages such as German, Swedish, and Dutch kept the “k” and still pronounce it to this day.
Page 561
22. Swum-Swim, Drank-Drunk, Eat-Ate. These changes come about due to shifts in the functions of words. These words have been altered for the purpose of tense and time.
Analytic (language)—type of language in which most words consist of one morpheme and sentences are composed sequences of these free morphemes. Grammatical relationships are often indicated by word order. Examples are Chinese and Vietnamese.
Page 562
29) i. Many words are new but derived from old words. New words have been created as a way to explain new ideas and concepts. Old words wouldn’t be able to capture the meaning of these new concepts.
ii. Many old words have be extended to encapsulate the new meanings they are being used towards.
Examples can come from Facebook: tagging, poking, etc. Writing on walls can be put to new use because that can be related to Facebook and talking directly to someone on their Facebook page.
Page 563
33. Poppycock means nonsense, and it comes from the mid 19th century: from Dutch dialect pappekak. cognate words: nonsense, rubbish, claptrap, balderdash, blather, moonshine, garbage.
Page 513
12) It is a threat to other languages that borrow words for their language and it loses the opportunity to be used. Therefore, it runs the risk of losing the language altogether. It is killing off the original language and bringing in outside words that diminish the language and alter the culture.
Page 516
22. We were able to understand most of the piece because it is written in words that are spelled like they sound, not how the appropriate spelling is, for example the first words, “Wans apan a taim” refers to “Once upon a time.” the spelling is off, but the pronunciation is good. It is in story telling form (once upon a time…the end).
23. We were not able to understand this text entirely, some words are regular English words, for example, “get many peoples.” Words are somewhat similar but there are lots of lost or dropped letters. Dees=these udder=under newa=new.
Page 517
29. We believe that it is a worth-while effort because that way the dialects can still be heard among people. By having a variety of languages and dialects, people are able to learn other languages and dialects even though they didn’t grow up with them. This is how culture stays alive. If everything is turned into something of a neutral language, then the uniqueness of the culture will diminish.
Giovanna Alvarado:
language variation:
14.
Phonological
Syntactic
Phonetic
Morphological
Morphological
Phonological
16.
Non-Native
Natural
Some
Natural
Some
Some
Natural
Some
Natural
Natural
Some
Non-Native
Some
Some
Non-Native
17.
(A) Bucket
(A) Bag
(B) Shades
(A) Soda
(A) Fireflies
(B) In line
(D) Clean it up
(A) You guys
(B) A quarter to 5
Page 479
some examples of things one must know to be communicatively competent in a certain language are politeness strategies, speaker roles, and greetings.
Cultural Competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enables that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations.While linguistic competence is the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language; and performance is The ability to produce and comprehend sentences in a language.
An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two speakers. The turns are functionally related to each other in such a fashion that the first turn requires a certain type or range of types of second turn.
Examples:
What’s up? Not much.
How are you? Good.
How is it going? It’s going well.
What time is it? Three o’clock
Can you pass the salt? Of course
Page 480
Power relation refers to one speaker being more dominant or subservient. The power relationship expressed by language are defined by those who use language rather than by any inherent properties of a language. Someone that is acquiescing refers to a person that accepts something reluctantly but without protest. The cues are considered socially determined because people learn how to exert power only if they have interactions with others.
Page 482
28.
Etic: Students walked rapidly through the long pathway in between buildings, while one
raised her hand to about an eye-level, palm out, fingers extended and moved it back and forth at the wrist, capturing the eye-sight of one another, joining in a same facial expression, showing their teeth to each other, followed by a raise of both of their arms, extended to one another and giving each other a slight squeeze.
Emic: Students rushed down the hall while one waved her hand capturing the attention of
another, joining each other with a smile on their faces followed by a hug.
Etic: A young lady hurried to a sandwich instalacion, getting in back of a several other people ready to greet an older woman who soon asked her for her order, giving her the sandwich the young lady reached into her pocket to give the older lady some cash.
Emic: A teenager rushed to Subway, got in line and gave her order to an older lady, giving her the sandwich, the teenager took money from her pocket to pay her.
Etic: Walking rapidly into the big building, where students were already seated and waiting for her, she placed her bag stacked with books and papers on the central table, the professor raised her hand to about an eye-level, palm out, fingers extended and moved it back and forth at the wrist.
Emic: Rushing into the classroom, she pakced her purse filled with school materials on the center desk, the professor then looked towards the students and waved.
29.
Passive observation: there aren’t any interviews under observation — but typically when the observation is concluded. Ex. An example could be that an observer follows a number of consumers in order to see how they use a given product. Subsequently the consumers are interviewed.
Participant observation: the interviewer takes part of the respondent’s doings with regards to a specific area/field and hereby the interviewer gains insight in the views of the respondents. Ex. An example could be that a company wishes to gain insight in how the employees use the common facilities. An interviewer is introduced in the company and shows up every morning for a week together with the employees. The interviewer is a part of the working day of the company and continuously interviews chosen employees about their activities/movements.
Page 557
No written records of Proto-Germanic exist, but the words and grammar of the language have been reconstructed by linguists.
14.Back in the days when Old English was spoken, the “k” in these sorts of words was not silent, so
they would be pronounced as k’nife, k’night, and so on. This pronunciation was even common in the time of William Shakespeare! At some point, people decided that this sort of articulation was too cumbersome, so they stopped voicing the beginning consonant! The same thing happened with “gn” words such as gnome and gnarled. However, other Germanic languages such as German, Swedish, and Dutch kept the “k” and still pronounce it to this day.
Page 563
Poppycock means nonsense, and it comes from the mid 19th century: from Dutch dialect pappekak. cognate words: nonsense, rubbish, claptrap, balderdash, blather, moonshine, garbage
Page 513
I don’t believe so, because by the “borrowing” of words from other languages, the words keep on spreading among other countries and we end up with a bigger and better variety of words to use.
Page 516
I was able to understand the entire thing because it is just written in words that are spelled like they sound, not how the appropriate spelling is, for example the first words, “Wans apan a taim” refers to “Once upon a time.” the spelling is off, but the pronunciation is good.
I wasnt able to understand this text entirely, some words are regular English words, for example, “get many peoples,” the grammar is the only thing that is wrong, but I was able to figure some parts out.
Page 517
I do believe that it is a worth-while effort because that way the dialects can still be heard among people and it is completely awesome to have a variety of languages and dialects, that way people are able to learn other languages and dialects even though they didn’t grow up with them.
Keana Sabin:
pg. 479
Some competencies part of communicative competence are politeness, speaker roles, turn-taking roles and greetings.
Cultural competence differs from linguistic competence and performance because in order to achieve cultural competence an individual must interact with users of or familiar with that specific culture while linguistic competence is knowledge we ‘unconsciously’ gain about a language and the ability to virbually carry out that knowledge is performance.
Five Adjacency Pairs in American English:
1. How are you today? I’m phenomenal.
2. Are you lost? Nope.
3. Hi! Welcome. Thank you.
4. What have you been up to? Nothing.
5. Can you point me in the direction of “__?” Sure.
480
Power relationships are established in conversation when we try to persuade, educate, convince other individuals or attempt to gain their attention or change their emotions.
You can tell when someone is acquiescing within a conversation because they’ll just listen to the other –who’s exerting power– without any fight or struggle. These cues are socially determined because we learn how to exert power through interactions with others.
Examples of when establishing power happens within a conversation: presenting a project, selling a product, arguing your point, displaying your love towards a person, coaching…
482
a) How you and a friend greeted one another today.
Etic: The girl hurried her pace amongst other college students. Others look at her as she yelled in order to try and to gain the attention of her friend. She succeeded and they embraced it each other with a hug.
Emic: On campus, a girl caught the attention of her friend by yelling at her and greeted her with a hug.
b) What you ate, and did at lunch today.
Etic: The girl ventured in to the west commons market. It appears she took no thought into what to truly eat as she hastily grabbed a peanut butter sandwich, banana and milk to purchase. She rummaged through her purse for her wallet and card to make the purchase. She hurried to her next class.
Emic: Right before her next class, a girl bought a sandwich, banana and milk at the student store. After the purchase she hurried to class.
c) how your instructor started class.
Etic: The young professor stood by the podium. Stared at the classroom clock and saw how much time there was before class started. He then took his final sip of coffee. It was time. He positioned himself away from the podium and to front of the whiteboard to gain the attention of his students and start the class.
Emic: The professor drank his coffee and soon enough started teaching his class.
The difference between passive participation and participant observation is that participant observation requires the researcher to take part within a community to better observe and understand the actions of people within that community while passive participation has a similar concept except the researcher doesn’t actively engage themselves within their observation and watched afar.
Cory Stapleton:
14) P, S, Ph, M, Sm, Ph
16) a. non-native b. natural c. non-native d. some e. some f. some g. natural h. some i. non-native j. natural k. some l. non-native m. natural n. some o. some
17) a. bucket b. bag c. blinds/shades/curtains d. soda/soft drink e. fireflies f. in line g. straighten it up/clean it up h. you guys/you all i. a quarter to 5
1) Some aspects that enable a speaker to be competent in communication is sentence structure, understanding jokes and slang.
2) Cultural competence deals with the society you dwell in. Linguistic competence is an understanding of language itself and how to use it. Performance relates to how the speaker uses language and understands the language being used.
3) It is a process of communication in which one speaks and the other responds essentially.
a. Hey. Hey is for horses dumbass.
b. Whats up? The ceiling.
c. How are you? I am fine.
d. Are you alright? I’m totally cool.
15) This cues are socially determined. Some examples are elevated diction versus someone who uses a more colloquial form of language. Also by addressing the other in a negative manner is a form of exerting power.
28) Emic- A persons rushes toward another person with arms wide open.
Etic- The person is running towards their friend to hug them.
Emic- He reached into a big bag that was on his back and pulled out another bag that contained food. He held the food in front of his friend. The friend took the food and ate it.
Etic- The person brought a bagged lunch and offered some to their friend.
Emic- He walked in. Drew things on the wall. Turned and faced other faces and started making sounds.
Etic- He walked in, wrote on the board and greeted the class.
29) Passive observation, just watching. example: A person taking notes on the actions of another person. Participant observation, is where the observer is experiencing rather than merely watching. example: A person works alongside another person in order to gain an understanding of what is being done.
10) We know because linguistics researchers have traced the origins of languages like english to proto-Germanic.
14) Over time, there are shifts in language. Although we do not pronounce the k, languages like German still do.
22) Swum Swim Drank Drunk Eat Ate These changes come about due to shifts in the functions of words. These words have been altered for the purpose of tense and time.
29) i. Many words are new but derived from old words. New words have been created as a way to explain new ideas and concepts. Old words wouldn’t be able to capture the meaning of these new concepts.
ii. Many old words have be extended to encapsulate the new meanings they are being used towards.
Examples can come from Facebook: tagging, poking, etc. Writing on walls can be put to new use because that can be related to Facebook and talking directly to someone on their Facebook page.
pg 513-17
12) It is a threat to other languages that borrow words for their language loses the opportunity to be used and therefore runs the risk of losing it altogether.
22) I barely understand any of it. Ks are dropped words ending is S are now Zs You lost the O The Th is lost
23) Words are somewhat similar but there are lots of lost or dropped letters. Dees=these udder=under newa=new
29) It is important to keep and know our heritage but I believe it is a lost cause to revive a dead language. The language died for a reason. It is no longer as useful as it once was, so to revive a language would most likely be a waste of time.
Michelle Zavestoski:
pg. 444 #14
Ph/S/P/M/Sm/Ph
Pg. 445 #16
some
natural
some
natural
NN
some
natural
some
natural
natural
natural
NN
natural
some
NN
pg. 446 #17
A
A
A
A
A
B
D
A
B
Pg. 479
1. politeness, having understanding among one another with communication
2. in certain cultures, it is rude to look at someone in the eye when you speak to them—different cultures have various rules of language, and some of it doesn’t need to be spoken
3. Adjacency pairs are pairs of adjacent utterances produced by two different speakers, in which the first utterance provokes or requires the hearer to respond with the second utterance.
Ex: thank you—you’re welcome
This is delicious!—thank you!
You’re hot—I know. Lol
Pg. 480
15. power relationships can be established by those taking dominance in the conversation. We can use examples of work related situations, with our bosses talking over us.
Pg. 482
28. a. etic: two people approached each other at the mall and said hello, gave one another a friendly hug, and walked into the coffee shop.
emic: two friends met up, gave each other a hug, and went to get coffee.
b. etic: the sandwich was carefully taken out of the bag as to keep all the contents in place. A phone in one hand, and a sandwich in the other, I texted my mom asking what the evening nourishment would be when I come home from school.
Emic: I took my sandwich out of my bag and texted my mom asking her what we were having for dinner.
c. etic: the professor walked into the classroom and greeted everyone. He picked up the marker and stated writing something on the board. It was the agenda for the workflow of that day.
Emic: The teacher walked into class and said hello. He picked up a marker and wrote the agenda on the board.
29. Passive participation: a type of participant observation in which the researcher passively watches everyday life in the community without taking part.
Participant observation: a type of field work that consists of systematically observing within a community in order to understand how and why people do the things they do on a daily basis.
Steve Juarez
p. 557, #10
Linguists have researched this language and discovered this language was once spoken
#14 The K was initially pronounced long ago, but was dropped.
p. 561, #22—swim, swam/ hung, hanged
Analytic (language)—type of language in which most words consist of one morpheme and sentences are composed sequences of these free morphemes. Grammatical relationships are often indicated by word order. Examples are Chinese and Vietnamese.
p. 562, #29–tagging, fb stalking, poking, why the hell can I only think of facebook, writing on walls…writing on walls can be put to new use because that can be related to facebook and talking to someone on their page.
p. 513, #12 Yes. It is killing off the original language and bringing in murrikan words that diminish the foreign language.
p. 516, #22 story telling, once upon a time…the end…etc.
#23…seems like there is a story line being established
p. 517, #29—yes it is a worthwhile effort. This is how culture stays alive. If everything is turned into something of a neutral language, then the uniqueness of the culture will diminish.
Ling 101 Honework #4
Cory Stapleton
Giovanna Alvarado
Keana Sabin
Michelle Zavestoski
Steve Juarez
Linguistics 101
Homework #4
Language is extremely dynamic. It is constantly changing and adapting. The ways in which language changes relates to the environment in which the language is being used. The environment consists of many features, such as time, place, and the people who the language is being communicated with. All these things promote change within a language. Even though languages vary, when brought together they begin to take attributes from one another. Culture is equally important in relation to language. For the culture, the language used dictates what variations occur. If people are in a hurry, they may shorten their speech in order to reflect the speed in which they wish to transmit their message, like when someone says “lol” instead of actually laughing. The people in which the language is spoken to greatly effects the type of language used. If the community is populated by children, the words used would reflect the understanding the children have in order to make communication run smoothly and efficiently. The way in which we speak represents the language we are comfortable using in order to express ourselves, i.e. emic vs etic. Depending on R.A.C.E.S., we can have a general idea of an individual and their language. For example, a higher class individual may speak with more sophistication and in a dialect with more advanced words. A gay individual may speak differently than an individual who is straight, etc. Education plays a big part in this as well. The better the schooling and home environment, the better a language may be acquired and a particular dialect may be formed. Language is an enormous part of culture that brings everyone together and lets people share their ideas and thoughts, either positively or negatively.
pg. 444 #14
Ph/S/P/M/Sm/Ph
Pg. 445 #16
- some
- natural
- some
- natural
- NN
- some
- natural
- some
- natural
- natural
- natural
- NN
- natural
- some
- NN
Pg. 446 #17
(A) Bucket
(A) Bag
(B) Shades
(A) Soda
(A) Fireflies
(B) In line
(D) Clean it up
(A) You guys
(B) A quarter to 5
pg. 479
- Some competencies parts of communicative competence are politeness, speaker roles, turn-taking roles and greetings.
2. Cultural Competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enables that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations. While linguistic competence is the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language; performance is the ability to produce and comprehend sentences in a language. In certain cultures, it is rude to look at someone in the eye when you speak to them—different cultures have various rules of language, and some of it doesn’t need to be spoken.
3. An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two speakers. The turns are functionally related to each other in such a fashion that the first turn requires a certain type or range of types of second turn.
Book definition: Adjacency pairs are pairs of adjacent utterances produced by two different speakers, in which the first utterance provokes or requires the hearer to respond with the second utterance.
Five Adjacency Pairs in American English:
1. How are you today? I’m phenomenal.
2. Are you lost? Nope.
3. Hi! Welcome. Thank you.
4. What have you been up to? Nothing.
5. Can you point me in the direction of “__?” Sure.
- 480
15. Power relationships are established in conversation when we try to persuade, educate, and convince other individuals or attempt to gain their attention or change their emotions. It refers to one speaker being more dominant or subservient. The power relationship expressed by language is defined by those who use language rather than by any inherent properties of a language. You can tell when someone is acquiescing within a conversation because they’ll just listen to the other –who’s exerting power– without any fight or struggle. These cues are socially determined because we learn how to exert power through interactions with others. Examples of when establishing power happens within a conversation: presenting a project, selling a product, arguing your point, displaying your love towards a person, coaching, work related situations, etc.
- 482
a) Etic: Students walked rapidly through the long pathway in between buildings, while one raised her hand to about an eye-level, palm out, fingers extended and moved it back and forth at the wrist, capturing the eye-sight of one another, joining in a same facial expression, showing their teeth to each other, followed by a raise of both of their arms, extended to one another and giving each other a slight squeeze.
Emic: Students rushed down the hall while one waved her hand capturing the attention of
another, joining each other with a smile on their faces followed by a hug.
b) What you ate, and did at lunch today.
Etic: The girl ventured in to the west commons market. It appears she took no thought into what to truly eat as she hastily grabbed a peanut butter sandwich, banana and milk to purchase. She rummaged through her purse for her wallet and card to make the purchase. She hurried to her next class.
Emic: Right before her next class, a girl bought a sandwich, banana and milk at the student store. After the purchase she hurried to class
c) how your instructor started class.
Etic: The young professor stood by the podium. Stared at the classroom clock and saw how much time there was before class started. He then took his final sip of coffee. It was time. He positioned himself away from the podium and to front of the whiteboard to gain the attention of his students and start the class.
Emic: The professor drank his coffee and soon enough started teaching his class.
Passive observation: there aren’t any interviews under observation — but typically when the observation is concluded. An example could be that an observer follows a number of consumers in order to see how they use a given product. Subsequently the consumers are interviewed.
Participant observation: the interviewer takes part of the respondent’s doings with regards to a specific area/field and hereby the interviewer gains insight in the views of the respondents.An example could be that a company wishes to gain insight in how the employees use the common facilities. An interviewer is introduced in the company and shows up every morning for a week together with the employees. The interviewer is a part of the working day of the company and continuously interviews chosen employees about their activities/movements.
Book definition: Passive participation: a type of participant observation in which the researcher passively watches everyday life in the community without taking part.
Participant observation: a type of field work that consists of systematically observing within a community in order to understand how and why people do the things they do on a daily basis.
Page 557
10. No written records of Proto-Germanic exist, but the words and grammar of the language have been reconstructed by linguists.
14. Back in the days when Old English was spoken, the “k” in these sorts of words was not silent, so they would be pronounced as k’nife, k’night, and so on. This pronunciation was even common in the time of William Shakespeare! At some point, people decided that this sort of articulation was too cumbersome, so they stopped voicing the beginning consonant! The same thing happened with “gn” words such as gnome and gnarled. However, other Germanic languages such as German, Swedish, and Dutch kept the “k” and still pronounce it to this day.
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- Swum-Swim, Drank-Drunk, Eat-Ate. These changes come about due to shifts in the functions of words. These words have been altered for the purpose of tense and time.
Analytic (language)—type of language in which most words consist of one morpheme and sentences are composed sequences of these free morphemes. Grammatical relationships are often indicated by word order. Examples are Chinese and Vietnamese.
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29) i. Many words are new but derived from old words. New words have been created as a way to explain new ideas and concepts. Old words wouldn’t be able to capture the meaning of these new concepts.
ii. Many old words have been extended to encapsulate the new meanings they are being used towards.
Examples can come from Facebook: tagging, poking, etc. Writing on walls can be put to new use because that can be related to Facebook and talking directly to someone on their Facebook page.
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33. Poppycock means nonsense, and it comes from the mid-19th century: from Dutch dialect pappekak. cognate words: nonsense, rubbish, claptrap, balderdash, blather, moonshine, garbage.
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12) It is a threat to other languages that borrow words for their language and it loses the opportunity to be used. Therefore, it runs the risk of losing the language altogether. It is killing off the original language and bringing in outside words that diminish the language and alter the culture.
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- We were able to understand most of the piece because it is written in words that are spelled like they sound, not how the appropriate spelling is, for example the first words, “Wans apan a taim” refers to “Once upon a time.” the spelling is off, but the pronunciation is good. It is in story telling form (once upon a time…the end).
- We were not able to understand this text entirely; some words are regular English words, for example, “get many peoples.” Words are somewhat similar but there are lots of lost or dropped letters. Dees=these udder=under newa=new.
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29. We believe that it is a worth-while effort because that way the dialects can still be heard among people. By having a variety of languages and dialects, people are able to learn other languages and dialects even though they didn’t grow up with them. This is how culture stays alive. If everything is turned into something of a neutral language, then the uniqueness of the culture will diminish.
D5 Creation