Homework
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Homework 4
Meg Collier, Kiara Grant, Julia McGonigal, Drew Gasparini, Jacob Hanawalt
Page 444, #14:
- Some Caribbean English dialects do not have specific sounds; instead the sounds [t] and [d], respectively are substituted, for example, both [bo t], there [d r].
Semantic. Many dialects of English have multiple negation, as in I didn’t see nobody take no pictures.
- Many American dialects have the mid back lax vowel. However, this vowel is produced very differently in different dialects– some are more rounded, some less so; some are higher or lower than others.
- Names differ from place to place to refer to an insect that glows in the dark, including firefly, lightning bug, glow worm, and fire bug.
- Some African-American English dialects do not mark the third-person singular present tense with a suffix, for example, he kiss, she see, it jump.
- In some southern and midwestern dialects of American English, there is no distinction between [I] and [ ] before nasals; only [I] occurs. So for the words pen and pin, which are pronounced [p n] and [pIn], respectively, in many other American English dialects, the pronunciation is [pIn] for both words.
Page 445, #16:
- The dog is falled asleep: non-native
- Everyone opened their books: natural
- My shirt needs cleaned: some
- Ever since he lost his job, he be sleepin’ all day long: some
- You shouldn’t ought to put salt in your coffee: some
- You usually go to the one you want, but me never: some
- You can see the cops like they’re grabbing kids left and right: natural
- He didn’t have no book: some
- I want for you to go home: some
- Me and Sally played all afternoon: natural
- Noodles, I can’t stand in chicken soup: non-native
- There’s nobody can beat her at telling stories: non-native
- Of whom are you speaking?: some
- Them tomato plants won’t live: some
- So don’t I: non-native
Page 446, #17:
- Bucket
- Bag
- Blinds
- Soda
- Lightening Bugs
- On line
- Straighten it up
- You Guys
- Quarter to 5
Jacob:
Page 444:
- phonological
- Semantic
- phonetic
- syntactic
- morphological
- phonetic
Page 445:
- Non-native
- natural
- non-native
- some
- some
- non-native
- some
- some
- non-native
- natural
- natural
- some
- natural
- some
- some
Page 446:
- Bucket
- bag
- blinds
- soda
- fireflies
- in line
- straighten it up
- you guys
- a quarter to
Page 479
#1 Politeness, speaker roles, and turn-taking rules are some competencies that are part of communicative competence. An example for politeness could include lexical, morphological, and pragmatic grammar. Speaker roles include being aware of who you are talking to. For example, someone will speak differently to friends than they would to a boss or a stranger. Turn-taking includes how long we wait to begin talking after someone else is finished speaking. All of these competencies are culturally determined.
#2 A phrase or “utterance” that native speakers naturally respond to with a corresponding phrase or utterance. The response isn’t necessarily a direct answer.
Ex. Part 1 (question):Part 2 (response):
What’s happening?Not much. You?
Are you free Saturday?Sure. Want to go to a movie?
How’s it hanging? That’s a really weird question. Please don’t say that.
Do you want some gum?Sure, thanks.
WHAZAAAAAAAPPP? WHAAAZAAAAAAAAAPPP?
#3
Pg. 480 #15
Power relationships can be established by people’s use and interpretation of language. For example, people can persuade others to vote a certain way, educate students, and calm people down if they are upset. Linguistic cues can also create power relationships, for example, someone could have dominance in a conversation, and they are asserting their power in the conversation. One person could be a more aggressive speaker. The content of what the speakers are saying can also establish power relationships.
Page 482-#28
- Etic: As the two young males approached, they looked into each other’s eyes briefly, lowered their heads slightly while maintaining eye contact, grunted, and continued on their respective paths.
Emic: I nodded and said “hey” to my friend as we passed each other.
- Etic: I poured hard, small crescents into a ceramic, hollow half-sphere, poured water on top of it and put it inside of a box. The box make a whirring noise for a few minutes, then beeped, at which point I took the ceramic half-sphere out. I poured a yellow powder over the now-soft crescents and stirred. I then put the crescents in my mouth using a four pronged metal instrument.
Emic: I ate microwavable macaroni and cheese with a fork.
- Etic: The older person walked in front of the younger people, speaking into a bulb that amplified his voice. The younger people fell into silence and stared at the older person as he spoke.
Emic: The professor spoke into the microphone, shushing the class and beginning his lecture.
Page 482 #29
Explain the difference of passive observation and participant observation, and give an example of each.
The difference between passive observation and participant observation is that passive observation is lived without observing an event in the moment. The passive event is observed (similar to an outsiders perspective) and the participant observation is when an individual is actively participating in a moment or idea. An example of a participant observation is watching how much sugar an individual puts in their coffee at Starbucks. An example of passive observation is observing how a student goes about asking a teacher a question. What the steps of communication are, and how the question comes up or develops during lecture.
Page 557 #14
We pronounce “knight” without the <k> sound because it represents a phonetic change. This is a change in which we pronounce letters and words differently than how they were originally spelled. This change has no effect on how the word was originally spelled; only the pronunciation changes.
Page 561 #22
Some other aspects of English Morphology that have fluctuation and variation are seen in sentence structure like: Talk, talked, he will talk, he did talk. Different tenses can be spoken within different context of sentences.
Page 562 #29
- Words: bit, cookie, bug, booting, Java, Linux, ping, spam, virus, worm. All of the words, except one or two, seem to be old words that have been put to new use. This might be the general case because it is easier to relate some new idea metaphorically or anecdotally to something we already know and understand than it is to come up with a whole new term for it. By giving an old word a new meaning you are facilitating people’s’ understanding of the new concepts.
- We believe that most of these words are taking on a semantic extension. We feel this way because the boundaries of the contexts the words can be used in is expanding. The words may have previously been associated with something, and now they are associated with these computer concepts as well, and are able to be used to talk about both.
Page 563 #33
- Cynic used to mean, “dog-like, or currish.” We believe the word Cynic underwent a semantic reduction, because the word went from referring to anything as “dog-like” to referring to an individual as being selfish. The connotation stayed about the same, but the word is now used more specifically.
- Hacker used to refer to someone who would hack things to pieces or chop things up. We believe the word hacker underwent a semantic degradation, as the word went from referring to someone chopping, hopefully, plants up, to referring to someone doing harm via a computer.
- Anecdote used to refer to things unpublished. We believe the word anecdote underwent a semantic elevation. The word went from referring to any unpublished work, as it is, to referring to a story that catches interested on its own. The word now has a more positive meaning, rather than just referring to any boring writing.
- Grotesque used to refer to unpolished painter’s work. We believe the word grotesque underwent a semantic elevation, because the word went from referring to unpolished painter’s work, to referring to something as being fantastically extravagant or bizarre.
- Parakeet used to refer to a parrot. We believe the word parakeet underwent a semantic reduction, as the word went from referring to a parrot in general, to referring to any of several small typically green parrots.
- Leer used to refer to side glances. We believe the word underwent a semantic degradation, as the word went from simply referring to glances, to now referring to those same glances, but viewed as sly or of immodest desire.
- Captivated used to refer to bringing something into captivity. We believe the word underwent a semantic degradation, as it went from referring to something being brought into captivity in general, to referring to something or someone being taken prisoner, or being captured.
- Paisley used to refer to a town in Scotland that was famous for producing textiles and shawls. We believe the word underwent a semantic elevation, as it went from referring to the town itself, to referring to a pattern found on clothes and other objects that is associated with the town.
Page 513, #12:
There are many words that we use in the English language that is borrowed from French, yet we still manage to keep our own language. For the most part, many people don’t know that some words such as “voyage,” “ticket” or “proposition” are taken from French and are only pronounced differently. Many words are sound similar and have the same meaning. Beef in French is “boeuf” and flower is “fleur.” There are many borrowed words from other languages such as Spanish. Whether one language is borrowing from English, vice versa, we don’t believe that it is threatening a language, for it will always be its’ own language. The only way that there will be any sort of “threat” is if there is some sort of contact language that is created between the main language and another one and the popularity grows. Then again, many of our vocabulary words sound similar or borrowed from another language because Spanish, German, English, French are descents of Germanic Language.
Page 516, #22:
You can really understand the beginning and the end, but the middle part when it says “So nou… wan de… bra hanasi, yu no hou him triki aredi… i tel bra taiga mek dem go pik… maami.” In this part, there are some comprehendable words, but as a whole it is not very clear. “Wans apan a taim dier waz bra hanasi a bra taiga.” It is very clear that they are starting with “once upon a time” and is introducing the main characters Anasi and the Tiger.
#23:
This story is more clear than the Belize Creole. A lot of the story is what would be considered “not written in proper syntax” but that is their language so how it is said and written is normal for them. The first sentence is not super clear but you know that it involves a guy and a hospital. “Keiki” means kid/child in Hawaiian. So after the first sentence, you can understand that the main character is telling the story of a kid telling another kid to get him ice cream. The kid didn’t want to go so he said that he would go for money. The last sentence is saying “Wasamala wid heem,” where he’s saying “What’s the matter with him.” “He no can say ‘Me I stay broke?”-”He can’t say “I’m broke?”
p.517, #29:
For the a couple of hundred of years, colonists have taken away the language and culture of the Native Americans who were on this land first. They have dominated with the cultures that they have brought over to a point where the native’s language has died, for they were forced to learn and speak in English. If anything, we as a country owe it to the natives to practice their language, although it may be hard now for their ancestors barely got to teach and speak it with the surviving people nowadays. Not only has language died in America, but all over the world, especially dialects. Some dead languages include: Biblical Hebrew, Sanskrit and most famously, Latin. Latin is important because many of the words in the English language still use Latin roots, although not many people speak it fluently nowadays, if not, none at all. Knowing how to speak Latin helps you have a deeper understanding of words in English. Many dead languages are those that were related to religion. It could be worth bringing back if people were willing to learn, but that would only apply to the religious groups because some of those languages were Old Church Slavonic and New Testement Greek. Many of the dead languages probably died out too because they didn’t apply to many people and didn’t have much use after a certain amount of time.
By doing homework 4 we saw how language, time, and space all change over time. The changes that occur happen extremely slowly over thousands of years and extensive time periods. For example, when Germanic peoples from thousands of years ago migrated to Britain, their languages merged with the Celtics’ dialects and English was created. Not only did the languages shift regions over time, the languages themselves changed as well.
Blog 3, Homework 4
Linguistics 101 Homework #4
*****due by 4pm, Oct. 21*****
Pragmatics
Make brief notes about:
p. 300, #5 – Deixis
a.yes, they & your (2)
b.no
c.no
d.yes, that & me and it
e.yes, another (another to what?) and now (what time does the sentence refer to)
f. no
g.yes, here (home, business hotel room?), Problem (hardware, program…?), and there (office, company, technician’s home?)
p. 301, #10 : Transcribe a sentence you hear
- What time are you working tomorrow? [ wʌt taɪm ɑr yu wɜr kɪŋ təˈmɔr oʊ ]
- because of the word “tomorrow” I was able to conclude the speaker wanted information about a specific day
- without the word “tomorrow” I could’ve interpreted it as any day of the week and without the word “working” I might not understood what the speaker was referring to.
p. 302, #14: Be Brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity)
Grices statement violated the maximum of quantity which states to either make your contribution as informative as is require or not to make your contribution more informative than is required. Her statement “be brief” was more than enough to get her point across.
p. 303, #18: Fouting Maxims
- He uses maxim of relevance.
ii. I think he uses this because he doesn’t want to express negative thoughts about the movie but still makes it clear that he didn’t enjoy them at all with the comments he makes.
p. 306, #33: Speech Acts
- This sentence is an assertion in speech act
ii. could either mean that its warm outside compared to how cold it is inside or that its a very warm day.
p. 307, #37: Speech Acts (Promise vs Threat)
The listener believes that the speaker wants something done.
The listener is able to do that thing.
The listener has no choice but to do it. (?)
It has not already been done (or it could be done again).
p. 308, #40: Performatives
- promise is a performance verb because it commits the speaker to an action
b. Suggest is not a performance
c. Convince Is a performance verb because it takes place as an action
d. Warn Is a performance verb because it calls for an action
e. Incite Is not a performance verb since the verb is not an action
f. Forbid Is a performance verb since the act of forbidding is an action
g. Inspire Is not a performance verb because the act of inspiring does not require an action
h.amuse is not a performance verb because its a state of being it does not request for any action/ “performance” by the listener
i.order is a performance verb because it demands an action
j. Provoke is a performance verb because it suggest an action
Language Variation
Do all of:
p. 444, #14 – Identify the level of linguistic structure where the variation occurs.
p. 445, #16 – Natural, Some, Non-Native
Make brief notes about:
p. 446, #17 – Vocabulary variation
- A
- A
- A
- A
- A
- B
- A
- A
- C
p. 447, #26 – Examples of variation
- Where I’m from (Carlsbad, CA) people in the higher class refer to adults as ‘Sir,’ or ‘Miss.’ The higher class refers to the youth of Carlsbad as “Son,” or “little miss.” The lower socioeconomic class refers to everyone as ‘man,’ as in “what’s up man?”
- Besides the differences of ‘miss’ and ‘sir’ for adults and ‘son’ or ‘little miss’ for gender differences, My community is made up of typically older white males of the upper middle class or above with moderate exceptions, so everyone is called by their ‘classical’ names.
- My community has two ways of describing old people, one being negative and one being positive. The negative way to describe an old person from my community is “old bag.” The positive way to describe an older person is “Old man” or if the speaker is creative, some people say “Wise man.”
- In Carlsbad CA, the majority of everyone is white, but when there is an ethical difference, the speech pattern is the same. typically you wouldn’t know if you’re speaking to a person of a Puerto Rican descendant or an African descendancy.
p. 450, #37 – Quizzes
Language & Culture
Make brief notes about:
p. 479, #1. politeness strategies, culturally determined. speaker roles, depending on who you are chatting with. Turn-taking rules, time you wait to begin speaking or respond after another person is finished speaking.
#2. it differs because social competence can come from the community of speakers you belong to, and linguistic competence can come from what we learn for example in school while growing up.
#3. would you like to go out to eat today? of course offer
would you help me with the homework today? sure, i will request
when is the party? at 8 pm question
hey, its nice to see you! nice to see you too greeting
when are you coming over? at 10 tomorrow question
p. 480, #15
p. 481, #19
p. 482, #28. a. etic: through text or over the phone , emic: you walked over to your friends house knocked on the door and said hello in person.
#2
Language Change
(Summer M)
Do most of each of:
p. 557, #10
In linguistic the term proto is used to point to a hypothesized relationship between languages. when it comes to proto Germanic, here we are saying that due to the similarities between specific languages, we can group these languages and place them under one genealogical family tree. since no language is uniform or isolated from other languages this hypothesized relationship is most likely true.
to examine this idea of the real existence of a proto germanic language, sometimes in the past, we have to look at the branches of that family tree and confirm that the similarities between these languages are real not just a mere coincidence.
let us compare languages such as German, Gothic, Danish, Swedish and English to each others.
German Gothic Danish Swedish English
Vater Fadar Fader Fader Father
Mutter Aithei Moder Mor (Moder) Mother
Fuss Fotu Fod Fot Foot
Drei Thri Tre Tre Three
Zehn Taihun Ti Tio Ten
looking at the table We can see that the similarities between those languages is not only specific to few words, but it extends to many words from the core vocabulary of these languages. As a result, we can say that all of these languages are related, which means that they all originally came from the same language. Although there is the word mother in Gother that seems to be different to the rest of the words in the other languages, we can conclude that this change was due to language change.
p. 557, #14
That is the result of sound change. At one point of time “Knife” and “Knight” was pronounced with the initial “K” sound, but due to change, which occurred slowly with time, the sound was deleted while the spelling stayed the same.
p. 558, #15
- here we seem to have a conditioned change due to “Dissimilation. if we look at the environment in which /k/ in Latin occurs, we can say that it happens when /k/ is (∅ _ /e,i/) while in Italian /t∫/ happens when (∅ _ /e,i/). As a result we can say that the change between the two languages happens under the following conditioned environment ( /k/ > /t∫/ / ∅ _ e,i)
p. 558, #16
- p>b
Proto-Quechua Tena
m _ i,u,a m _ i,u,a
the change is conditioned and the type of conditioned change is Assimilations
- tk>kt
Proto-Quechua Tena
u _ i,u,a u _ i,u,a
the change is conditioned and the type of conditioned change is Metathesis
- k>g
Proto-Quechua Tena
u _ l u _ l
n _ a,u n _ a,u
u _ j u _ j
the change is conditioned and the type of conditioned change is Assimilations
- t>d
Proto-Quechua Tena
n _ i,u n _ i,u
the change is conditioned and the type of conditioned change is Assimilations
p. 561, #22
Analogical process seems to be more prominent when it comes to Children language. For example, children seem to use plural form in an unusual way.
In Children language, words such as “Mans” which is used as a plural for the word “Man”, or the word “mouses” as the plural form for the word “mouse” seems to come natural to them.
But why is that the case when it comes to children language.
the reason behind this plural form, is the analogy children use in forming this plural. Children seem to mentally compare words such “Dog”>> Plural >> “Dogs” and “Cat” >> Plural >> “Cats” to form the plural of other “irregular” words. Mentally, children do this analogy when forming plurals:
Noun : Noun+s :: Man : Man+s
(Singular) (Plural) (Singular) (Plural)
Although this form is not accepted in English language, and children seem to correct themselves after getting more exposed to the language rules, this form still very common.
p. 561, #25
- Blues
It comes from the word “Blue” which indicates a feeling of sadness or melancholy.
the word started being used with the “blews” as the original form. the word then was changed into “blues”
1741 D. Garrick Let. 11 July (1963) I. 26, I am far from being quite well, tho not troubled wth ye Blews as I have been.
1807 Salmagundi 20 Mar. 116 In a fit of the blues.
1856 G. J. Whyte-Melville Kate Coventry viii. 89 The moat alone is enough to give one the ‘blues’.
1883 Harper’s Mag. Dec. 55 Come to me when you have the blues.
1900 F. L. Stanton Songs from Dixie Land 165 When a feller has the blues, ‘Taint no use to ask his views.
1960 New Statesman 27 Feb. 274/2 The post-election blues are beginning.
1995 Weekly World News 25 July 18/3 Repeating aloud familiar phrases such as..‘Every cloud has a silver lining’ will help banish your blues.
2003 Heat 29 Mar. 120/3 Taurus… Venus in Pisces this week, and that bodes well for any bulls who’ve recently been beset by the blues.
- brash
1400-50; (noun) late Middle English brass (c) he a slap, crash, perhaps blend of brok (e) ( Old English broc breach, fragment, sickness; akin to break ) and dasch smashing blow; see dash1; (adj.) in sense “brittle,” derivative of noun; in sense “hasty” by confusion with rash.
1824 W. Carr Horæ Momenta Cravenæ 24 What a brash raggald!
1837 R. M. Bird Nick of Woods I. viii. 120 Strannger thar’s as brash as a new hound in a b’ar fight.
1875 Lanc. Gloss. (E.D.S.) , Brash, hasty.
1889 ‘C. E. Craddock’ Despot Broomsedge Cove ii. 27 Ye notice how turrible brash Josiah Preen be,—can’t wait fur pa’son ter summons him.
1928 Punch 4 Apr. 374/2 He was going out in his brash street-suit with the flash tie.
1946 J. B. Priestley Bright Day viii. 248 That feeling of inevitable national superiority..which makes decent people seem brash and insensitive.
1948 W. Sansom South 114 The dogs of Italy do not chase cats like their brash northern brothers.
1950 R. Macdougall To Dorothy, a Son in Plays of Year IV. 418 The room has the lurid, brash appearance of an American cocktail bar.
1956 A. Wilson Anglo-Saxon Attitudes i. i. 7 This brash young American little knew what sore places he was invading with his clumsy fingers.
1958 Oxf. Mag. 1 May 390/2 One of those amiable institutions which survive in an alien age until they stand directly challenged by some brash newcomer.
- op-ed
The word is both clipped and blended together. the word came from (op)posite + (ed)itorial. The word is used to describe a page of a newspaper where varying opinions are expressed by columnists, commentators, etc
1931 J. W. Barrett World, Flesh, & Messrs. Pulitzer iv. 82 Swope developed..the idea of a distinctive ‘opposite editorial page’ consisting of two ‘columnists’, one book reviewer and the daily output of the dramatic critic. We called this the ‘op-ed’ for short.
1970 Time 10 Aug. 32 Pioneered by the Pulitzers in the old New York morning World, the Op-Ed provides a variety of viewpoints in dozens of major metropolitan dailies.
1989 Jrnl. Commerce (Nexis) 3 Jan. 71 As usual we hold out a warm welcome to our readers for op-eds, letters and suggestions on these issues.
1992 New Republic 6 Apr. 3/2 How former President Richard Nixon turned a stale op-ed into a front-page New York Times story.
1997 N.Y. Times 5 Dec. a22/6 Paul R. Gross (Op-Ed, Dec. 1) properly laments the ‘thanks, but no thanks’ attitude of the California commission.
2000 D. Brooks Bobos in Paradise 155 The young intellectual at this stage of her career gets to write the scathing memos and op-eds castigating people four decades her senior for their ignorance and cowardice.
- ramshackel
This word is a back-formation of the word “ramshacle” which describe a person or action that is unsteady, irregular, or disorderly.
1820 T. Creevey Jrnl. 5 Oct. in Creevey Papers (1903) I. xiii. 322 The most ramshackle fellow you ever saw.
1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirlaugh II. 121 What ramshackle wark ha’ ye been after?
1880 ‘V. Lee’ Stud. 18th Cent. Italy ii. ii. 26 Fine talent..ruined..by a disorderly character, a ramshackle career.
1916 Times 29 Aug. 9/6 We are..not scholars enough..to realize how ramshackle a thing his poetry is even to his compatriots.
1955 P. Larkin Let. 31 May in Sel. Lett. (1992) 243 ‘Fred Karno’s army’ was a by-word for ramshackle improvisation, after Fred Karno, the comedian.
1998 Independent 9 Mar. ii. 1/1 Sampson captures their ramshackle operations in unsparing detail.
- Reaganomics
The word id a blend of the two words of “Reagan” and “economics”. This words is used to describe the economic policies of Reagan, associated esp. with the reduction of taxes and the promotion of unrestricted free-market activity.
1970 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 16 July 7/5 The working people of California are paying dearly for lessons in Reaganomics that we don’t need.
1980 N.Y. Times 9 May a30/4 Reaganomics rests on an assumption that is dubious at best, and very probably false.
1984 Christian Sci. Monitor 2 Mar. 32/3 The whole purpose of Reaganomics was to return the country to a pre-Roosevelt period, a laissez faire, dog-eat-dog society.
2003 K. Hosseini Kite Runner (2004) xi. 110 Most of our neighbors in Fremont were..exactly the sort of blue-collar people who would soon suffocate under the pillow of Reaganomics pressed to their faces.
- recap
This word is formed by clipping the word “recapitulation”
1909 J. B. Griffith Shipping Department 30 The amount obtained by a recap of the cards at any time may not represent the correct total.
1929 Accounting Rev. 4 187/2 Manufacturing Cost Department will furnish the General Bookkeeping Department with Recap of Furnace Division Sales.
1955 F. Pohl & C. M. Kornbluth Space Merchants ii. 22 A brief recap of the extensive plans his lecture agent had made.
1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 2 Oct. 561/1 Comments and ‘recaps’, hints of tragedies to come or to be overcome, helped to give to oral narrative both atmosphere and shape.
1984 D. Lessing Diaries of Jane Somers i. 39 The trouble with a summing-up afterward, a recap, is that you leave out the grit and grind of a meeting.
2001 S. T. Asma Stuffed Animals & Pickled Heads vi. 205 But first here is a recap of the major types of religious resistance to Darwinism.
- electrocute
The word is an Etymology formed by both clipping and blending the two words “Electric” >> “Electro” and “Execute” >> “-cute”
1889 Trenton (New Jersey) Times 7 June 4/2 (heading) He wants to be ‘electrocuted’… An offer on the part of a man..to act as a victim..by testing the..new apparatus for executing by electricity.
1890 Congress. Rec. 8375/1 That the gentleman..should be ‘electrocuted’ by the Kemmler process recently adopted in the state of New York.
1903 W. D. Howells Lett. Home v 32, I could be sitting this moment with the transmitter at my mouth, and the receivers strapped to both ears, and looking as if I were just going to be electrocuted.
1945 N. Mitford Pursuit of Love xiii. 101, I bet the Scotsboro’ boys will be electrocuted in the end, if they don’t die of old age first, that is.
2001 Times (Nexis) 28 July, In Georgia I stood outside death row as the state electrocuted a man I thought was probably innocent.
- frazzel
This word is a barrowed French word “freüer” which mean to rub or come into collision. It is after changed to the word “frayer”. The word then was blended with the word “Fasel” to create “Frazle” which means to fray, or wear out. The word then changed again by addition to create “Frazzle”
a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) , Frazle, to unravel or rend cloth. Frazlings, threads of cloth, torn or unravelled.
1896 J. C. Harris Sister Jane 344 He’s the genuine article, guaranteed not to rip in the seams or frazzle at the sleeves.
1912 J. London Son of Sun viii. 285 Loose ends of rope stood out stiffly horizontal, and, when a whipping gave, the loose end frazzled and blew away.
p. 562, #29
- Old New
Hardware Skype
Spam Debugger
File email
Switch Facebook
System Java
Mouse Oasis
Quad
VGA
Most of the words are new. the word was formed by different ways of word creations, such as coining, addition, deviations, blending, Eponyms…etc
This is due to the fact that computers and information technology are new sciences. Most of these words are intended to catch the hearing of the people in the community, or just to draw attention and give credit to the inventor of this new technology.
- Due to the use of most of the semantic word change types, many of the old words have been put to use. Most of these types had been chosen due to metaphorical relationship or due or general understanding change phenomena that accrued to that word.
p. 563, #33
Apparently < Dutch poppekak, lit. ‘doll’s excrement’ (apparently only in the phrase zo fijn als gemalen poppekak showing excessive religious zeal, lit. ‘as fine as powdered doll’s excrement’ (not dated in dictionaries of Dutch but still sometimes regarded as a mid 19th century word)) < pop doll + kak excrement. Although the Dutch word is apparently not attested in a sense comparable to the English one, it is possible that it may have been used regionally in such a sense.
Although the English word has frequently been considered a loan < a supposed Dutch *pappekak , frequently glossed as ‘excrement as soft as porridge’, no such word appears to be attested in Dutch.
The word means: nonsense, rubbish, garbage, claptrap, balderdash, blather, blether, moonshine; foolishness, silliness.
Language Contact:
(Andi)
- I believe that extensive borrowing words from another language is a threat to language because if one language borrows words from another to no extent, nothing is keeping from the extinction of the first language. Eventually, a new language or dialect would develop with the vocabulary of the language that was borrowed from and the grammar and structure of the first language.
22.
23.
29. I agree with the comments from people of the Miami tribe, and I think it is sad that Natives have lost so much of their culture due to the loss of their language. I do however have the idea that at some point, many cultures will lose their language due to a mixing of languages and/or another language of power majority that will wipe out minority languages. I think that sometime in the future one universal language will develop from a contact language to a pidgin and finally to a creole.
COLLABORATIVE HW #4
SUMMARY:
Although there were some differences in each group member’s response in the first part of the homework, we all agree that language, culture, space, and time all relate to one another. The region in which a person lives in greatly influences the way they speak. Some words and phrases are more prominent and widely used in one area than another. In our group, we are either from San Diego or Los Angeles, so our language does not vary much and we notice that by comparing our responses for number 17.
LANGUAGE VARIATION
Andrew’s Responses:
14) P, S, P, Sm, M, P
16) N=native, S= some, NN= non-native
NN, N, S, S, NN, S, S,S, S, N, NN, S, S, S, NN
17) bucket, bag, blinds, soda, fireflies, in line, straighten it up, you guys, a quarter to
Jia’s Response:
14)Phonetic; Syntactic; Phonetic; Semantic; Morphology; Phonology
16) a. non-native; b. natural; c. non-native; d. some; e. some; f. non-native; g. some; h. some; i. some; j. natural; k. non-native; l. some; m. some; n. some; o. non-native
17) a. bucket; b. bag; c. curtains & blinds; d. soda & soft drinks; e. fireflies; f. in line; g. clean it up; h. you guys & y’all; i. none, i say “five fifteen or four fourty-five”
Xiao’s Response:
14) Phonological,Syntactic,Phonetic,Semantic,Morphological,Phonological
16) a.non-native, b.natural, c.non-native, d.some, e.some, f.some, g.some, h.some, i.some, j.natural, k.non-native, l.some, m.some, n.some, o.non-native
17) a.bucket, b.bag, c.blinds and curtains, d.soda, e.fireflies, f.in line, g.clean it up, h.you guys, i.none I say “four forty-five”
Melaney’s Response:
14) Phonological,Syntactic,Phonetic,Semantic,Morphological,Phonological
16) non-native, some, natural,non-native, some, some, some, some,natural,native, some, some, some, some, native
17) a.bucket, bag, curtains, soda, fireflies, in line, clean it up,you guys, none I say “fifteen or four forty-five”
LANGUAGE CULTURE
page 479 #1,2,3
1) adjective placement, subject-predicate sentence structure, SVO sentence structure.
2) You can make performance errors and still be competent in the language
3) An adjacency pair is a when a statement is meant to be responded to
A:Nice weather
B: Sure is
A:Have a good day
B:Thanks,you too
A:See you later
B:see ya
A:Where’s SDSU?
B:Right over there
A:Good work!
B:Thank you!
page 480 #15
15)Power relationships can be established in conversation by the volume of a person’s voice or the pace s/he speaks at. From experience, people who spoke demandingly and gave out instructions tend to assume the more powerful role. Those who take on the subservient role tend to use a lot more fillers in their speech because they are skeptical about what they’re saying. People exerting power are more assertive and confident in what they are saying while those who are acquiescing tend to be more passive and indirect in their speech. These cues are usually socially determined because different cultures exhibits power in conversation differently.
page 482 #28, 29
28)a. etic- A girl twitched her face at another girl and moved her hands back and forth emic-The other day when I saw my friend, I smiled and waved at her.
- etic- A girl is eating bow shaped things from a bowl and is making loud noises with her mouth opened to another girl who keeps moving her mouth.
emic-For lunch today I ate pasta and laughed at something my friend told me.
c.etic- Teacher walked in quickly mouthed some words, turned on the screen protector and directed the students to focus on the whiteboard.
emic-My teacher rushed in late, said “good morning” to us and went over some changes we needed to make on our calendars.
29)Participant observation involves observing within a community to understand how and why people do certain things on a daily basis. An example would be trying to assimilatee with people around you when you move to a new country. Passive observation is studying the everyday life of a community without getting involved in it to cause the least disturbance ot the community. An example would be a scientist trying to study behavior within a certain community, he can only observe and not get involved.
LANGUAGE CHANGE
page 557 #10, 14
10)Even though there are no written records of proto-Germanic, we know it exists because we can trace back to it by finding similarities between english, german, dutch, danish, swedish and etc. By finding various similarities between these languages we know there must be a common language we can trace back to where english, yiddish and etc. originated from.
14) We spell the words “knife” and “knight” with a <k> because these words come from Germanic roots but people got lazy to pronounce the “k” so it became a silent k and eliminating the “k” in front of some words might cause confusion with other words such as “know” and “knight.”
page 561 #22
22) Examples of fluctuation and variation in english are “drink/drank” and “swim/swam.” The analogical process comes into to play here as it changes the vowels of both words instead of adding -ed to make it past tense. This is probably because these words have not been modified unlike “clomb” to “climbed.”
page 562 #29
29) i. When speaking about the internet and computers, there are more new words than there are old words put to new use. This is because computers and internets are a fairly new technology so people create new words to describe actions they can do on the computer such as “emailing,” “tweeting,” “vlogging,” and the most popular phrase nowadays “google it.” These words or phrases and expressions have never existed before the computer age.
ii. For those old words that have been put to new use extension has occurred because those words have been used to define a new phenomena that had never existed before. These old words have been recycled to have new meanings and connotations when talking about technology.
page 563 #33
33) a. cynical= cynicus & kunosarges// doglike, churlish: degradation
- hacker= biohacker//a chopper, cutter: reduction
- anecdote= anekdota//things unpublished: extension
- grotesque= grottesca & crotesque//of a cave: elevation
- parakeet= paroquet & parroochetto//little priest: reduction
- leer= hleor//untrusting, suspicious,alert:degradation
- captivated= captivus & captivare//to enthrall with charm: elevation
- paisley//town in southwest, Scotland: extension
LANGUAGE CONTACT
page 513 #12
12)Foreign influences and extensive borrowing can threaten a language’s purity. The preservation of traditional languages are important.
page 516 #22, 23
22)”Once upon a time there was Anansi and Tiger…” When read out loud, the words sound pretty much similar, however, certain words are harder to understand and different than English. I also understand the part in quotes which reads, “Okay then lets go.”
23) Half of the text is understandable because it is either in plain English or when we pronounce it, it sounds like what we would normally say. However, the grammar is confusing and most of the words we cannot comprehend. In Hawaiian Creole English, there is “Me I,” but in regular English, we either say “me” or “I,” we do not say both or put them next to each other in a sentence.
page 517 #29
29) It is definitely a worthwhile effort to prevent an endangered language from dying out. Language plays a huge role in determining people’s identity. Language is a very precious to a culture because it reflects its history and past. It also brings unity and community to those who speak the same language. The language people speak growing up really defines and shapes who they are later on in life.
Jia Xu, Xiao Huang, Andrew Madruga, Melaney Beene
HW4
Language Variation
Pg. 444
Johnathan/ Bryant/ Miki/ Brian
14)
S/Ph/Ph/ Ph
Sm/ S / S/ S
Ph
Sm
P/ M/ /
P
Pg 445
16)
a.) Some/ some/ non-native/non-native
b.) Natural/ natural/ natural/natural
c.) Some/ some/ some/ some
d.) Some/ some/ natural/ some
e.) Natural/ some/ some/ some
f.) Non-native/ some/ some /some
g.) Natural/ some/ natural/ natural
h.) Some/ some/ some/ some
i.) Natural/ natural/ some/ some
j.) Natural/ natural/ natural/ natural
k.) Non-native/ non-native/ non-native/ some
l.) Some/ some/ non-native/ some
m.) Natural/ some / non-native/ natural
n.) Some/ natural/ some/ some
o.) Non-native/ non-native/ non-native/ none-native
Pg 446
17)
a.) a large open metal container for water is (a) bucket (b)pail (a) (a)
b.) To carry groceries, you put them in a paper (a) bag (a) (a) (a)
c.) Window coverings on rollers are (a) blinds (b)shades (a) (a,b,e) (curtains)
d.) Pepsi-Cola, Coca-Cola, and Seven Up are all kinds of (a) sodas. (d)soft drinks (a) (a)
e.) On summer nights when we were kids, we used to try to catch (a) fireflies (a) (a) (a)
f.) If you go to a popular film, you may have to stand (b) in line. (b) (b) (b)
g.) If your living room is messy, before company comes you (d) clean it up. (a)straighten it up (d) (a,b) (red it up)
h.) if you’re talking to a group of friends, you call them (a) you guys (a) (a) (a)
i.) It’s now a quarter (c)til 5. (b)to 5 (b) (b)
Language & Culture
Pg 479
1) The same language (both people can understand each other), the person is in range (distance), changing of expression depending on the degree of respect , being silent during a conversation in order to “read the atmosphere”(Japanese) Knowing when a greeting is rhetorical or an actual question can be difficult in unfamiliar settings.
2) Cultural competence is linked to various cultures that one can go through life as opposed to what we are hardwired to learn Cultural competence is the proficiency with which one speaks, as viewed through both the language and the current cultural norms. Linguistic competence is the proficiency with which one speaks as viewed through the language itself, without the cultural baggage which may otherwise change the use of the language in isolation. And Linguistic performance is simply the actualization of one’s Linguistic Competence, as actually performed rather than theorized.
3) Adjacency pairs are pairs of adjacent utterances produced by two speakers in which the first utterance provokes the hearer to respond with the second utterance.
Part 1 of Adjacency Pair Part 2 of Adjacency Pair
What’s your name? John Connor.
Where’s the bathroom? Down the hall first door on your left.
I’m hungry. Got any food? Umm lemme check
Are we there yet? Hey that’s not funny.
Did you hear that? Hear what?
Howzit?! Eh, howzit?!
Pg 480
15) Perhaps the most evident establishment of speaker dominance/ hierarchy that I know of is in Japanese. The use of honorifics is a clear cut example of what the relationship between the two speakers is. For example, if someone were to use the honorific “sama” earnestly when speaking to or of another person, it is clear that they place the aforementioned person at a very high rank. Conversely, if one were to refer to another as “kun”, “chan”, or “bou” it is quite clear that that person is placed lower on their scale. There are even more concrete examples with “senpai” and “kouhai” which essentially mean “senior” and “junior”. These are the most obvious indicators of a conversational hierarchy that I am aware of.
Pg 482
28)
a) Etic: A relatively short Asian male of about 18-20 years of age gathered the attention of another asian male of approximately the same height and age. Next, he made a sign with his right hand by extending only his pinkie and thumb, and briefly shaking at about chest height at the other person’s direction (palm outwards). Simultaneously, he said “Howzit brah”. The other person responded by reciprocating the same physical actually, and responded verbally with “Ho, howzit”.
Emic: I saw my friend Jake so I threw a shaka and him and said “Howzit brah”. He shaka’d back and responded with “Ho, howzit”
b) Etic: There I sat, with fried chicken covered in an orange sauce with some spice to it, with fried pieces of potatoes. I stabbed the chicken with a plastic three pronged eating utensil and lifted the utensil and used it to dip the fried chicken covered in the sauce into this white substance with tiny black spots labeled “buttermilk ranch” and proceeded to bring the fried chicken covered in buttermilk ranch into my mouth. I closed my lips and pulled the utensil out and chewed. Then I proclaimed how good the chicken was.
Emic: I sat with my SoCal Chicken and dipped it into the ranch with my fork and ate it. Then I said “Damn this is good chicken.
c) Etic: The stylish Linguistics Professor with glasses and facial hair walked in and greeted his class a good morning, he then got out markers and began writing on the board and soon gave announcements.
Emic: Professor Bigham walked in and said his routinely “good morning” he began writing announcements on the board and soon read them aloud..
29) Passive participation is when the researches merely observe how the natives of the area they are studying interact with each other in order to learn how they communicate. Participant observation is when they “go native” and become a part of the community in order to gather more accurate information.
Language Change
Pg 557
10) Because we can trace back languages that exist today to proto-Germanic the same way we trace back Romantic languages to Latin, as evidenced by a number of certain words that are similar, cognates, among the different, current languages under the Germanic tree branch.
14) The words knife and knight are spelled as such because both initial consonants used to be pronounced, with the actual onset of the word being a /k/, but due to language change and outside influence, the pronunciation of the word changed, however the spelling did not.
Pg 561
22)
hear and heard
wore and wear
hi and high (both slang terms)
spelled vs spelt
data/datum vs data
media/medium vs media + medium
The fluctuations occur due to the way the masses use the words.
Pg 562
29)
i) Many words that we use when dealing with computers or technology are simply terms that have been repurposed from more general uses. Browse, Surf, Web, Search, Page, etc. These are words that had been used in the past, and may still be in use, but are, more often than not, primarily used for their technological purpose. On the other hand, there are new words that were just created. Google, Wi-Fi, Motherboard, Pixel, Bit/Byte, etc. More words tend to be repurposed words than new words. I think this is because it is hard to just create new terms and have them last. Notice how only the really wide-spread / popular terms survive. No one ever “yahoos” something.
ii) Extension has occurred for all of the old words. One reason, as Brian mentioned above, is that because it is harder to produce a new term. Another reason is that the internet was primarily for the storing and accessing of information. Back in “ye olden days” one would browse the shelves for a book to access information, then one would browse the Web which was basically the same thing as browsing for a book but way more convenient, now we just ask Siri.
Pg 563
33)
a. cynic origin: cynicus (the name of a gymnasium where Antisthenes taught) degradation
b. hacker origin: haccian ‘cut in pieces’ Gmc origin degradation
c. anecdote origin: anekdota (things unpublished) reduction
d. grotesque origin: crotesque (work or painting resembling that found in a grotto) degradation
e. parakeet origin: paroquet( little wig) extension
f. leer origin: leer( cheek) extension
g. captivated origin: captivat (take captive) elevation
h. paisley origin: named after the town of Paisley in Scotland extension
Language Contact
Pg 513
12) Japanese has a lot of words borrowed from English and the amount of those has been increasing these days. This actually makes it easier for us to learn English sometimes. However, I do think this trend can be a threat to Japanese language itself because people are more likely to use English-Japanese words instead of using original Japanese expression. This could lead us to forget the original form of language, but language is something that cannot help but changing as time goes by, so I cannot say for sure that it totally has negative effects on a language.
Pg 516
22) The text is somewhat comprehensible. It seems to have the same sentences structure as English. “Wans apan a time dier waz” is a very familiar phrase that many children’s books start with. A good amount of the words are English words but just spelled differently, perhaps it is spelled to the way the speakers of this pidgin pronounce the language. Some words that are troublesome are “kriol” and “triki”
23) Most of the vocabulary is very English, or at the very least derived from English; the spelling used to indicate the pronunciation makes it much harder to make the connection, but most of the these words are comprehensible to an English speaker (excluding the Hawaiian words of course). As for the structure, the grammar is quite different, however it is still logical in its flow and could its meaning could still be understand by most non-speakers. I can understand 100% of this text, however, it does sound quite archaic and most Pidgin speakers would consider this to be very dated.
Pg 517
29) Trying to prevent endangered languages from dying is a worthwhile effort. Daryl Baldwin believes that the language reflects the traditional beliefs and values and according to Rosa Beck, their language was taken from them. So for a language to be taken away it is like their traditions have been removed from the society as well as the history with it.
The Good Guys Get It Done
Laura Kalmanson, Paula Soto, Kaitlyn DeJesus, Kim Gonzalez
Summary: How you talk reflects your region, age, class, race/ethnicity, and sex/sexuality. Language has changed over time to accomodate mixing peoples and their cultural identities. Words can die away, but become reborn through new uses.
14. Phonetics
Syntactic
Phonological
Semantic
Morphological
Phonetic
16. a) non-native
b) natural
c) non-native
d) some
e) some
f) non-native
g) some
h) some
i) natural
j) natural
k) non-native
l) non-native
m) some
n) some
o) non-native
17. a) bucket
b) bag
c) blinds, window shades, curtains, shades
d) soda, soft drink
e) fireflies, lightening bugs
f) in line
g) straighten it up, clean it up
h) you guys
i) a quarter to 5, quarter ’til 5
We’re all from California, with some variation from age, all women, same class
1. Politeness, Speaker Roles, Turn-Taking Roles, Greetings
2. Cultural competence is the understanding of colloquial phrasespertaining to the culture surrounding the language, while linguistic competence is the understanding of the syntax of a language, unlike performance, which is the ability to soun like a native speaker.
3. Adjacency pairs are pairs of adjacent utterances produced by tow different speakers in which the first utterance provokes the hearer to respond with the second utterance.
-“How are you?” “I’m doing well, how are you?”
-“Did you do the homework?” “No, I got too turnt last night to function.”
-“Are you sick?” “No, I’m just tired.”
-“What are you doing right now?” “Shaving my hamster.”
-“What’s your favorite color?” “Burlap.”
15. Power relationships can be established through means that make use of every level of linguistic structure. If one person is giving commands and the receiver is submitting to the commands. These cues are socially determined becuase who is exerting power and who is acquescing is determined by societies standards.
28. a. etic: The two girls walked towards each other, made a weird face at each other, continued to perform a strange hand gesture, and went on their merry way.
emic: Two girls walked towards each other, waved, and smiled at each other.
b. etic: A girl ate bread, lettuce, meat and cheese, said ith her lips ” I need to read these chapters,” and then continued to keep her butt on the seat of the chair whilst sunlight shined down on her as she read the words on the page.
emic: A girl ate a turey and cheese sanwichwhile sayig that she needed to read some chapters for her class, and then read the chapters under the sun.
c. etic: The young students were chatting as the linguistics professor attempted to start class by lifting his arms, hands extended, and moved them from right to left, while vocally expressing his displeasure.
emic: The students kept talking while the liguistics teacher tried to start class by waving his arms and telling them all to be quiet.
29. participant observation consists of systematically observing within a community in order to understan how and why people do the things they do on a daily basis. An example of this is people watching. On the other hand passive observation consists of passively watching how daily life unfolds without partaking in any local activities in order to cause the least disturbance possible to the daily routine of the community being studied. An example of this is listening to two peoples conversation while on the train.
10. We know there was a proto-Germanic language because the Germanic languages are similar and therefore derived from one language and then splintered off.
14. When William Caxton brought the printing press to England, he chose the spelling of knife and knight in a dialect where the ‘k’ was pronounced, but in other regions, the ‘k’ was not pronounced.
22. Other examples include “is, are, were, was”; “child, children”; “good, better, best”; “mouse, mice”. Analogical processes are at work in causing these fluctuations in that the unusual variations and fluctuations are the older words, while adding -ed to words are newer morphological changes.
29. Many are old words put to new use because they are the best way to describe the new ideas. There are very few new words because it’s just easier to reuse old words.
33. a) cynic: like a dog–degredation
b) hacker: someone who is unskilled or inexperienced–elevation
c) antecdote: unpublished items–extension
d) grotesque: cave painting–extension
e) parakeet: parrot–reduction
f) leer: cheek–degradation
g) captivated: seize, capture–elevation
h) paisley: town in Scotland–extension
12. We do not think that it’s a bad thing because language is always changing and can just get better with time.
22. We understand about half of the story when it uses English words. In the beginning, it says “once upon a time.” It uses words that sounds like English, but there are many parts that we do not understand, like when the it says, “bra.”
23. We understand the majority of the story because it’s in English for the most part. The beginning of the text is Hawaiian, and we do not understand it.
29. It’s worthwhile because it helps bring the people back to their roots, and many times their language died because an unfair invasion of the peoples. You can learn about the culture through the meaning of the words in languages.
It’s A Culture Thing – HW4
(Pg. 444)
14a. Phonological
b. Syntactic
c. Phonetic (?)
d. Semantic
e. Syntactic
f. Phonological
(Pg. 445)
16a. Some (Non-Native)
b. Natural
c. Non-Native (Some)
d. Some
e. Some
f. Non-native
g. Natural (Some)
h. Some (Natural)
i. Natural
j. Natural
k. Non-native
l. Some
m. Natural
n. Some
o. Non-Native
(Pg. 446)
17a. Bucket
b. Bag
c. Curtains, Blinds
d. Soda
e. Fireflies, Lightning Bugs
f. In Line
g. Clean It Up, Straighten It Up
h. You Guys
i. A Quarter Til 5, A Quarter To 5
(p479)
exercise
- what are some of the competencies that are part of communicative competence?
grammatical, socio-linguistic, strategic,discourse
- how does cultural competence differ from linguistic competence and from performance?
cultural has to do with the background of where you were raised with how you know how to use that intellect that you have acquired in that region which not have much significant change in linguistic competence rather performance because this is acquired through individuals which in essence would every from person to person.
- what is an adjacency pair? make a list of five adjacency pairs in american english not mentioned in the chapter.
adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two speakers.
taking turns, question and answer, complaint ( excuse/remedy), degreeting, offer ( accept / reject)
(P480)
based on my own experience power relationship can be established by winning the person over by acting nice, helping them over and trying to bribe them in a established conversation. i think bribe can be indicative and acting nice as opposed to someone acquiescing. in my experience it can be inherited and socially because one without the other would not function right. its like the example of tea without the water. tea within it self is leafs but without the right format or right tools would not make it tea rather just plan leafs. that is why water is the essential in order to make tea what tea is.
(P482)
28)
- how i and my friend greeted today was how we did our homework today in linguistic 501 his response was “i forgot to type it” and “i said me too”.
- i ate tortoise today and prayed, talked about grammar and how linguistic 501 professor was funny.
- my instructor started class by pronouncing the word “e” in arabic and referring to it as an “and” and by talking about the non grammatical words that do not need to be there which included some words that i can’t mention which made me laugh really hard.
(P557)
- We know that there was a proto-Germanic language because, like Latin, we can see influences in many different languages that would all point back to this origin language.
- We spell words with a silent k even though we do not pronounce them because in Old and Middle English, these words pronounced the k. But, over time, English has been spoken with it, leading to the confusion.
(P561)
- Another example would be was and been for the “to be” verb.
(P562)
29)
- Old terms: mouse, the web, disks, desktop, google
New terms: flash drive, internal processor, laptop, youtube
We are able to associate certain computer lingo to real world items because they remind us of them, either visually or conceptually. But some things just do not remind us of anything that is already named, so we have to come up with a term for it based on what it is or how it performs.
- For the words in this list, I think that extension has occurred because our speech using those words has become so associated with computers that it is our natural instinct to think of the computer terms before the old terms, but the old terms are still there.
(P563)
33)
- Cynic: A member of a school of ancient Greek philosophersfounded by Antisthenes, marked by an ostentatiouscontempt for ease and pleasure. -Elevation
- Hacker: A person or thing that hacks or cuts roughly. -Reduction
- Anecdote: An accountregarded as unreliable or hearsay. -Reduction
- Grotesque: A style of decorativepainting or sculpture consisting of the interweaving of human and animal forms with flowers and foliage. -Degradation
- Parakeet: A smallparrot with predominantlygreenplumage and a long tail. -Reduction
- Leer: Look or gaze in an unpleasant, malicious, or lascivious way. -Degradation
- Captivated: Attract and hold the interest and attention of; charm. -Extension
- Paisley: A distinctiveintricatepattern of curved, feather-shaped figures based on a pine-conedesign from India. -Extension
(P513)
- Extensive borrowing is not a threat to a language. Languages will evolve on their own over time, as history has shown us. The borrowing of words from other languages will only help to advance the language as each “current” usage of the language is formed (i.e. from Middle English to Modern English).
(P516)
- I was only able to understand parts here and there and the overall meaning of the entire passage is difficult to understand. Questions have a consistent starting phrase, one in which English uses: “So now…”.
- This passage was fairly easy to understand. Many of the words used were English words, but some were not and so they needed the context of the English words to make sense. Words like “dees” and “islan” were easy enough to translate into “these” and “island” respectively.
(P517)
- Preventing endangered languages from dying out or reviving dormant languages would be a worthwhile, so long as the language would be taught as something more than simply ‘keeping a language alive’. Teaching people how to speak the Miami tribe language would help preserve the language, but would not serve much of a functional purpose beyond that. People would know the language, but would not use it to communicate at a regular rate. It would be like teaching 21st century Americans Middle or Old English: the language would still be around in the minds of those who knew the language, but they would only be able to communicate using it with other who knew the language, which would be far and few between.
Through time, we see that as people interact with others, their customs mix to make new ones, including language. Time, place, and people have a great impact on the very form of communication that makes us humans so unique. It is also narrowed to peoples race, age, sexuality, ethnicity, and community that makes language such a shared yet different phenomenon.
-By John Rivera, Muhammad Sabbir Abassi, and Raul Millan
San Diego Museum of Man
As we first step into the Museum of Man, we can see a big wall full of words in different languages that translate to beer in English. This is where I found most of the languages that we were supposed to look for. I had trouble finding the “Yahi Language,” but other than that everything else was pretty easy to spot. Most of the words that were in different languages were names and places.
I enjoyed this experience because if it wasn’t for this class, I would not have a chance to go to this museum. I found the torture exhibit to be the most interesting part of the trip because it is crazy to think about what people had to go through back in the days. I kept imagining what it would be like if I were to live during that time period… hm… I probably would’ve been tortured for saying something stupid. I find it so strange and terrifying that the inventors actually came up with these ideas of torturing people.
Overall, I had a great time with my friends, even if it meant sacrificing my weekend to stay in the dorm instead of going back home. The highlight of my day was seeing the huge boxes of pizza and… of course, receiving a souvenir pencil from Professor Bigham.
Also, I drew my name in Maya Glyphs… which took forever… so glad the English alphabet is easier to write.
“Jia Xu” in Maya Glyphs
Language is Key (HW-4 )
Language is the key to uncovering who we are: the secrets of our past, present, and future!
By: Aaron Hayag, Cheyanne Tarango, Alonzo Garcia, Angela Almeida, Tian’ao Wang, and Aleena Nawabi
Diverse Linguists
Aaron Hayag
- DOB: 02/13/1995
- Place of Birth: Philippines
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Languages:
- Filipino, English
- Took 3 years of Spanish
- Currently taking Korean.
- Random Facts: Was heavily exposed to Chinese and Japanese culture through media and other outlets (music, television, relatives, etc.)
- Loves going to concerts (favorite bands: 소녀 시대 (SNSD) and Infinite
I am a freshman attending San Diego State University. I am currently undeclared but I have a strong interest in World History and Anthropology. I would love to travel all around the world to see the famous landmarks of history, experience other cultures first hand, and most importantly communicate with people from different places through language. That being said, my curiosity and interest in foreign languages, has prompted me to take Linguistics 101 to get a closer glimpse at the structure of language. I have familiarized myself with the basic morphological types of languages. Synthetic Languages: Tagalog and Korean (Agglutinating); Spanish (Fusional) and Isolating Languages: Mandarin Chinese! As well as English, which does not really fit into any specific category.
Angela Almeida
- DOB: 02/04/1996
- Place of Birth: San Diego
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Languages:
- English & Spanish
- Spoken both equally throughout my life
- Took 3 years of Spanish in high school
- Passed the AP test
- English & Spanish
- Hobbies: Reading, writing, going to concerts, mindlessly scrolling through social sites. Whoops!
I have always been a writer. Making up stories and reading books prompted my love for English. Although I have always considered classroom english to be relatively easy, linguistics is more of a struggle. It’s always something new to learn everytime I’m in the room. Thus far, I am pretty good at phrase structure trees as well as phonetic sounds in the standard English language. By already being bilingual this helps plenty because I already knew things that didn’t have a name for them up until now. Hopefully by the end of this course, I will have gotten a better grip at linguistics and what it is about.
Alonzo Garcia
- DOB: 07/20/1995
- Place of Birth: Chula Vista, CA
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Languages:
- English, Spanish, Italian
- Took and passed AP Eng. Lang. and Eng. Lit., AP Spanish Lang. and Spanish Lit., and AP Italian
- Planning to learn French, Portuguese, Mandarin Chinese within the next five years.
- English, Spanish, Italian
- Hobbies: Languages, Wrestling, Playing/Listening to Music, Reading
Languages have always been a passion of mine because I feel they are a bridge between cultures and unify the world. Currently I speak three languages which include English, Spanish, and Italian. A strength in linguistics I’ve obtained through speaking Spanish and Italian is the understanding of lexical and structural ambiguity. In the languages of Spanish and Italian there are a large quantity of terms and sentences with multiple meanings and for that reason ambiguity is a strength of mine.
Aleena Nawabi
- DOB: 05/20/1983
- Place of Birth: Afghanistan
- Languages: Farsi, Dari, Arabic, Urdue, English, Pushto
- Hobbies/Fun facts: I love running, Cooking, Singing, teaching, learning, and SYNTAX!
Because I was adopted, my first language is Spanish but because I did not practice it, I have forgotten most of the language. My second language was English and the rest of the Languages I acquired was in my mid-teens. Next semester I will be learning Turkish because I am planning to teach abroad in Turkey.
Tian’ao Wang
- DOB: 08/11/1995
- Place of Birth: China
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Languages:
- Mandarin Chinese, English, some Cantonsese
- Hobbies/Fun facts: Swimming, watching movies, singing,playing computer games.
I was born in China and was exposed in Mandarin Chinese all the time, so my first language is that. My second language is English, I have studied English since I was in primary school. As for the Cantonese , that’s my favorite language, I have practiced it for three years.
Cheyanne Tarango
- DOB: 05/19/1996
- Place of Birth: Fillmore, CA
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Languages:
- spoke English growing up
- was exposed to Spanish during childhood
- Took two years of Spanish in high school
- currently taking another Spanish class.
- Hobbies/Fun facts: I love Netflix, food, music, and sleep. I enjoy spending time with my family and also going to concerts.
I am a freshman at San Diego State University. I’m currently undeclared but I have a developing interest in Construction Engineering. After I finish school, I wish to travel to countries on the other side of the world to experience the different cultures and see the way they live. It would be a lot harder to do so without learning a few things about language first, things that are taught in Linguistics. Linguistics 101 has helped me understand some of the basic rules of syntax and semantics in other languages, like some of the rules for Spanish language. I’d say that my strengths in Linguistics are determining what part of grammar words in a sentence are and how they are paired in a syntax tree. Another strength I have is working with morphemes.
Dingming Liu
- DOB: 04/29/1995
- Place of Birth: China
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Languages:
- spoke Chinese growing up
- Hobbies/Fun facts: sports ,music, movies, travelling, cars
Took fours years of English from high school till now and I am currently studying Introduction to Spanish class.
Despite their differences, 7 linguists from around the world have come together to share their knowledge with each other! NO LANGUAGE BARRIERS CAN STOP US!
A Call To My Mother…
My phone call to a significant other was to my mom. It was interesting to notice little things i had never caught onto before. She has an accent since English was her second language. We spoke a lot about school and work and i realized those are our usual topics. I also realized she never used to get emotional, and with this call she was telling me that she missed me being home with her a lot. As we continued talking, i also realized that she bounced around speaking English and Spanish in the same sentences a lot. I also very oddly brought up the topic buckets and pails and i realized she does not say either. Instead she says the Spanish translation of it. When i called her she began with “how are you? como estas mija?”. She doesn’t use hella at all and says soda with an accent. All of the slang she used when she was younger was in Spanish. That turned into very cute and funny conversation. I then asked her to pronounce the listed words and she kept telling me that they were all the same words. I assumed this was because English was her second language. overall, i had a very good and interesting talk with my mom.
D5 Creation